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Shandong
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{{Short description|Province of China}}{{About|the province|the peninsula|Shandong Peninsula|other uses}}{{Redirect|Shantung|the fabric|Shantung (fabric)|other uses|Shan Tung (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Etymology
Shandong’s name literally means ‘east of the mountains’, from {{zhl|c=å±±|l=mountain}} and {{zhl|s=东|l=east}}. The name refers to the province’s location to the east of the Taihang Mountains.{{in lang|zh}}WEB,www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html, 趣味文å—：ä¸å›½å„çœåŠè‡ªæ²»åŒºå称历å²ç”±æ¥å’Œå˜åŒ–, 2004-07-04, People’s Daily Online, 2022-08-09, dead, 2020-02-18,www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20200218064933www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html,">web.archive.org/web/20200218064933www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html, zh, A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu ({{zhi|s=é½é²|t=齊é¯}}), from the states of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as the home of Confucius, and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province’s official abbreviation of {{zhp|s=é²|t=é¯|p=LÇ”}}.BOOK, Roberts, Edmund, Embassy to the eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat; in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4.,lccn.loc.gov/05012055, Harper & Brothers, 1837, 122–123, 978-1-400-01731-7, 05012055,History
Ancient history
File:Linzi_sewer_2010_06_06.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of Ancient LinziAncient LinziFile:Shou Qiu - eastern turtle - P1050845.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|A Song-era monument to a legendary native of Shandong, the Yellow Emperor, at his supposed birthplace ]]With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli ({{circa|6500–5500 BC}}), Beixin ({{circa|5300–4100 BC}}), Dawenkou ({{circa|4100–2600 BC}}), Longshan ({{circa|3000–2000 BC}}), and Yueshi cultures ({{circa|1900–1500 BC}}).The Shang and Zhou dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by Dongyi peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the Central Plain. Following the {{ill|annexation of Lai|zh|齊滅èŠä¹‹æˆ°}} by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became sinicized.During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in Linzi, and the state of Lu based in Qufu. Lu is famous for being the home of Confucius; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Linzi, Jimo (near modern Qingdao) and Ju.Imperial history
The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions () in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou () in the north and Yanzhou () in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of Cao Wei, which ruled over northern China.After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao, then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei dynasty, the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.In 412 AD, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India.The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong’s repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its current name.Early modern history
File:William Alexander - City of Lin Tsin, Shantung, with a View of the Grand Canal - B1975.4.1450 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|Linqing City, with a view of the Grand Canal. Drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney EmbassyMacartney EmbassyThe modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty, where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part of Liaoning. After the Ming–Qing Transition in 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.On 25 July 1668, an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an epicenter just northeast of Linyi devastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.WEB,emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en=1668.0725, 25 July 1668 Tancheng (Shandong), GHEA, 2023-12-08, July 23, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210723133040/https://emidius.eu/GEH/info/?en=1668.0725, live, WEB,www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1054, CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE, National Geophysical Data Center, 2023-12-08, July 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210725005731/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1054, live, During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from the Russian Empire, which had annexed Outer Manchuria by 1860, the Qing encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of Manchuria.Shandong was one of the first places where the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.File:Street market Shandong.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th century, photographed by the crew of the ARA Presidente SarmientoARA Presidente SarmientoGermany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-class harbor facilities including berths, heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.BOOK, Burkman, Thomas W., Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938, University of HawaiÊ»i Press, 2008, 4, 10.2307/j.ctt6wqrcq, j.ctt6wqrcq, 978-0-824-82982-7, As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized Germany holdings in Qingdao and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem, led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement. Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was “to give Shantung to China”, the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States’ mediation during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.JOURNAL, Craft, Stephen G., 1997, John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question,commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=publication, Pacific Historical Review, 66, 2, 231–249, 3640629, File:Contemporary map of Tsingtau and the Shandong Peninsula.png|thumb|1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula, showing the alt=The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong PeninsulaShandong’s return of control fell into the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the “Dogmeat General”, as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China’s “basest warlord”.{{clarify|date=July 2021}}WEB,www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C722931%2C00.html, CHINA: Basest War Lord, 1927-03-07, TIME, 2022-08-09, dead, 2010-11-25,www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20101125032834www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20101125032834www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722931,00.html, He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuju, who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian, nicknamed the “King of Shandong East”, who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China proper in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched-earth Three Alls policy (“kill all”, “burn all”, and “loot all“) was implemented by Japanese general Yasuji Okamura. This lasted until Japan’s surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communist Chinese Red Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong () family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. The People’s Republic of China was proclaimed in October of that year.Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-lived Pingyuan Province, but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Xuzhou and Lianyungang areas from Jiangsu province, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.About six million people starved to death in Shandong during the Great Chinese Famine.BOOK, Gu, Chang-Sheng, Awaken: Memoirs of a Chinese Historian, {{Google books, XhLO5pr-QFwC, 130-131, yes, |year=2009|pages=130–131}}In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People’s Republic of China’s richest provinces.Geography
File:50304-Taishan (49055660366).jpg|alt=|thumb|The sacred Mount TaiMount TaiFile:Rongcheng, Weihai.jpg|thumb|View of Rongcheng from a hill]]Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu.The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The province’s center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; Miaodao Archipaelago to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of Bohai Sea (west) and Yellow Sea (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of {{convert|1545|m}}, which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges. {{citation needed|date=April 2016}}The Yellow River passes through Shandong’s western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering the sea to Shandong’s northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a levee, higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province. Shandong’s coastline is {{convert|3000|km}} long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the 3 bays of the Bohai Sea, is bordering the northern coast between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller, is surrounded by Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.With Jinan serving as the province’s economic and cultural center, the province’s economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao, Weihai, and Yantai. {{citation needed|date=April 2016}}Climate
Shandong has a temperate climate: humid continental (Köppen Dwa); it is bordering humid subtropical (Cwa under the Köppen climate classification) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are {{convert|−9|to|1|°C|°F}} in January and {{convert|18|to|28|°C|°F}} in July. Annual precipitation is {{convert|550|to|950|mm|abbr=on}}, the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences.Geology
Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton. Beginning in the Mesozoic, Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} to as little as {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}}. Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary.Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones from Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, and other genera were found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7806062.stm, China finds major dinosaur site, 2008-12-31, Jackson, Steve, 2022-08-09, BBC News, October 7, 2023,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7806062.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20231007005719news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7806062.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20231007005719news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7806062.stm, live,Politics
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2014}}File:Kong Yanjin - bixi - seen from SSE - P1060183.JPG|thumb|Tomb of the 59th generation senior descendant of Confucius, Kong Yanjin. Many generations of the senior-branch direct descendants of Confucius ruled the Qufu area as its feudal rulers.]]The Shandong Provincial People’s Congress is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong’s provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People’s Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee is Li Ganjie.The Shandong Provincial People’s Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People’s Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People’s Congress and State Council of the People’s Republic of China.The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang.Economy
As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics. The economy of Shandong is China’s third largest provincial economy with a GDP of CNYÂ¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or USD$1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021.Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton, wheat, and garlicBOOK, Fresh Garlic from China, Inv. 731-TA-683 (Second Review), {{Google books, 6xZXpHREixMC, I-24, yes, |publisher=DIANE Publishing|date=n.d.|page=I-24|isbn=9781457818745}} as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world.WEB,www.china-sapphire.com/about1.asp, Location and how discovered, n.d., China Sapphire, 2009-01-05, dead, 2007-07-03,www.china-sapphire.com/about1.asp," title="archive.today/20070703160523www.china-sapphire.com/about1.asp,">archive.today/20070703160523www.china-sapphire.com/about1.asp, Other important crops include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta, where the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) is one of the major oilfields of China. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.Shandong is one of China’s richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.WEB,www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong-province/, Shandong Province, n.d., The China Perspective, 2022-08-09, dead, 2012-03-05,www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong-province/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120305173906www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong-province/,">web.archive.org/web/20120305173906www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shandong-province/, The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer, Haier and Hisense. Besides, Dongying’s oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong’s economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong’s energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.{| class=“wikitable sortable”Wine industry
{{See also|Wine in China}}(File:Chinese-Vineyards.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Shandong coastal vineyards)The production of wine is the second largest{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.Geographically, the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of the root systems.Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are in Yantai). The region produced more than 40% of China’s grape wine production.WEB,www.wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html, The wine output of Yantai will reach 230000 kiloliters in 2008, 2008-12-30, China Wines Information Website, 2009-06-28, dead, 2009-02-15,wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090215013857wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090215013857wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html, Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, Merlot, Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.Major producersEconomic and technological development zones
- Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone
- Jinan Export Processing Zone
- Qingdao Economic & Technological Development Area
- Qingdao Free Trade Zone
- Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone
- Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)
- Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone
- Weihai Export Processing Zone
- Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park
- Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area
- Yantai Export Processing Zone
- Zibo National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Demographics
{{Historical populations|title = Historical population|footnote = Qingdao was part of Shandong Province until 1929; dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Shandong Province.Weihai, also known as Weihaiwei. Established in 1930, dissolved in 1945, and incorporated into Shandong Province.Religion
{{Pie chart- Buddhists
- Confucians
- Deity worshippers
- Taoists
- Members of folk religious sects
- People not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion{edih}|value4 = 80.05|color4 = Honeydew
Famous view and arts
- The Northern Shaolin Seven Star Praying Mantis style of kung fu is also taught in this province. It is also said that Northern Mantis had originated here and not in the Shaolin temple in Henan Province, which is always stated in books.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
- Guandi is also known for Guangong, Guanyu. He is a famous general in the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In Daojiao (a traditional Chinese religion), Guangong is also one of the four Protectors.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
- Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong is a very famous World Heritage Site in China, and it is also a 5A Tourist Attraction. Lying to the Temple’s east, the Kong Family Mansion developed from a small family house linked to the temple into an aristocratic mansion. The male direct descendants of Confucius lived and worked.WEB,whc.unesco.org/en/list/704, Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, n.d., UNESCO, 2016-12-07, December 28, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191228052725/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/704, live, WEB,www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74944.htm, The Confucian Temple, Cemetery and Family Mansion in Qufu, 2003-09-12, China Through a Lens, 2016-12-07, May 8, 2016,www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74944.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20160508110858www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74944.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20160508110858www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74944.htm, live, {||
Administrative divisions
Shandong is divided into sixteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities).On January 1, 2019, Laiwu was wholly annexed to Jinan:{| class=“wikitable” style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center“! colspan=“9” |Administrative divisions of ShandongUrban areas{|class“wikitable sortable collapsible” style@font-size:90%;”
! colspan=“6” | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county citiesCulture
(File:Map of Shandong Dialects.png|thumb|Map of Shandong Dialects)Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories: Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest (as well as in neighboring Hebei), such as the Jinan dialect; Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest (as well as in neighboring Henan); and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula (as well as the Liaodong Peninsula(e.g., Dalian, Dandong) and the southeastern Jilin(e.g., Baishan, Tonghua)), such as the Weihai Dialect. When people speak of the “Shandong dialect” ({{zh|labels=no|t=å±±æ±è©±}}), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the “Jiaodong dialect” ({{zh|labels=no|t=è† æ±è©±}}).Shandong cuisine ({{zh|labels=no|c=é²èœ}}) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It is known for its bread(corn-based) and fish dishes.JOURNAL, Swanson, Lauren A., July 1996, 1.19850+ billion mouths to feed: food linguistics and cross-cultural, cross-“national” food consumption habits in China,www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00070709610131357/full/html, British Food Journal, en, 98, 6, 33–44, 10.1108/00070709610131357, 0007-070X, November 30, 2021, November 30, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211130111944/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00070709610131357/full/html, live, It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine (e.g. Jinan cuisine); the seafood-centered Jiaodong cuisine in the peninsula; and Confucius’s Mansion cuisine, an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.Shandong Bangzi and Lüju are popular types of Chinese opera in Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.Transport
The Jingjiu railway (Beijing-Kowloon) and Jinghu railway (Beijing-Shanghai) are both major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong. The Jingjiu passes through Liaocheng and Heze; the Jinghu passes through Dezhou, Jinan, Tai’an, Yanzhou (the Jinghu high-speed railway will through Qufu) and Zaozhuang. The Jiaoji railway is an important railway of Shandong, linking its two largest cities of Qingdao and Jinan, with the longest history of all.Shandong has one of the densest and highest quality expressway networks among all Chinese provinces. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) expressways pass through or begin in Shandong. Expressways that begin in Shandong are in bold:- G2 Jinghu Expressway (Beijing–Shanghai)
- G3 Jingtai Expressway (Beijing–Taipei, Taiwan)
- G15 Shenhai Expressway (Shenyang, Liaoning–Haikou, Hainan)
- G18 Rongwu Expressway (Rongcheng–Wuhai, Inner Mongolia)
- G20 Qingyin Expressway (Qingdao–Yinchuan, Ningxia)
- G22 Qinglan Expressway (Qingdao–Lanzhou, Gansu)
- G25 Changshen Expressway (Changchun, Jilin–Shenzhen, Guangdong)
Tourism
Tourist attractions in Shandong include:- Jinan, the capital city of Shandong since Ming dynasty, renowned for its 72 Famous Springs.
- Baotu Spring, a culturally significant artesian karst spring, declared as “Number One Spring under the Heaven” ({{zh|s=天下第一泉|labels=no}}) by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
- Daming Lake, the largest lake in Jinan, whose water is from the area’s springs. Marco Polo described its beauty in his works.
- Thousand Buddha Mountain, renowned for its numerous Buddha images which have been carved out of the hill’s rock faces or free-standing structures erect since the times of the Sui dynasty and its Xingguochan Temple.
- Fuxue Confucian Temple of Jinan.
- Lingyan Temple, one of the four most famous temples ({{zh|s=四大å刹|labels=no}}) in Tang dynasty, in which there is 11th century Pizhi Pagoda and the Thousand Buddha Hall which houses a Ming dynasty bronze Buddha statue as well as 40 painted clay statues of life-size luohan from the Song dynasty.
- remnant of Great Wall of Qi, the oldest existing Great Wall in China, which is built in 685 BCE and stretches from Jinan to Qingdao.
- Penglai, a town on the north of the Shandong peninsula famed in Taoism.
- Qingdao (a former German port city), is a beach resort city on the south of the peninsula that has German-era heritage architecture and is also famous for its Tsingtao beer.
- Ba Da Guan, made up of eight streets named after the eight great military forts of ancient times.
- Zhan Qiao, a long strip pier stretches into the sea and was the first wharf at Qingdao.
- Laoshan, a scenic area and Daoist center to the east of Qingdao.
- Qingzhou, an ancient trading and administrative center with some famous archaeological discoveries.
- Weihai, a former British port city important in the second Sino-Japanese War has British-era heritage architecture.
- World Heritage Sites:
- Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion in QufuFile:Kong Yuxu - two bixi - seen from S - P1060231.JPG|thumb|The northern quarters of the Cemetery of ConfuciusCemetery of Confucius
- Tai Shan, sacred mountain, in Tai’an
- Weifang has numerous natural and historic sites, such as Shihu Garden (from the Late Ming and early Qing dynasty), Fangong Pavilion (from the Song dynasty), fossil sites (including dinosaur fossils, in Shanwang, Linqu), Mount Yi National Forest Park and Mount Qingyun. Yangjiabu has painted New Year woodcuts, which are also famous all around China.
Five-Year Clean Heating Plan
In 2017 air pollution contributed to about 21% of deaths in China.WEB, Yan, Alice, 2017-10-20, Pollution claims 1.8 million lives in China, latest research says,www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2116342/pollution-claims-18-million-lives-china-latest-research-says, 2020-11-30, South China Morning Post, November 12, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201112031355/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2116342/pollution-claims-18-million-lives-china-latest-research-says, live, In 2017, the Chinese government began a five-year plan to convert half of northern China to clean energy for winter heating.NEWS, China unveils 2017-2021 winter clean heating plan: media, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/china-energy-heating/china-unveils-2017-2021-winter-clean-heating-plan-media-idINL4N1OH01T, 2017-12-16, 2020-12-01, August 9, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220809081949/https://www.reuters.com/article/china-energy-heating/china-unveils-2017-2021-winter-clean-heating-plan-media-idINL4N1OH01T, live, Haiyang city is expected to convert completely to nuclear power by 2021,WEB, Haiyang begins commercial-scale district heat supply : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News,www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Haiyang-begins-commercial-scale-district-heat-supp, 2020-12-01, www.world-nuclear-news.org, April 7, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220407114021/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Haiyang-begins-commercial-scale-district-heat-supp, live, reducing fossil fuel emissions by more than 60,000 tons annually.JOURNAL, 1956-09-10, Aluminum Rises and Shines,dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v034n037.p4350, Chemical & Engineering News, 34, 37, 4350, 10.1021/cen-v034n037.p4350, 0009-2347, 1 December 2020, 3 April 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240403193711/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v034n037.p4350, live,Education
Colleges and universities
{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Shandong}}Shandong is considered one of China’s leading provinces in education and research. Shandong hosts 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in the East China region after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan.As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 50 cities in the world (Jinan 32nd and Qingdao 43rd) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.- Shandong University (Jinan)
- Ocean University of China (Qingdao)
- China University of Petroleum (Dongying and Qingdao)
- University of Jinan (Jinan)
- Shandong Normal University
- Shandong Agricultural University (Tai’an)
- Shandong University of Finance and Economics (Jinan)
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Jinan)
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai)
- China Agricultural University (Yantai)
- Harbin University of Science and Technology (Weihai)
- Yantai University (Yantai)
- Qufu Normal University (Qufu)
- Qingdao University (Qingdao)
- Shandong University of Science and Technology (Qingdao)
- Shandong University of Technology (Zibo)
- Liaocheng University (Liaocheng)
- Linyi University (Linyi)
- Qingdao Agricultural University (Qingdao)
- Binzhou Medical College (Binzhou)
- Jining Medical University (Jining)
- Weifang Medical University (Weifang)
- Weifang University (Weifang)
- Shandong Institute of Business and Technology (Yantai)
- Shandong Women’s University (Jinan)
- Qingdao Technical College (Qingdao)
- Rizhao Polytechnic (Rizhao)
- Zibo Vocational Institute (Zibo)
- Qingdao Binhai University (Qingdao)
- Shandong Foreign Languages Vocational College (Rizhao)
Sports
File:JinanOlympic.JPG|thumb|Jinan Olympic Sports Center StadiumJinan Olympic Sports Center StadiumEvents held in Shandong
- 2009 National Games of China
- 2002 Table Tennis World Cup
- 2004 AFC Asian Cup
- 2007 A3 Champions Cup
- Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
- 2011 Sudirman Cup
- 2012 Badminton Asia Championships
- 2012 Asian Beach Games
Professional sports teams based in Shandong
Former professional sports teams based in Shandong
- Jinan Xingzhou
- Qingdao Haisha
- Qingdao Sunrise
- Qingdao Hailifeng
- Qingdao Huanghai
- Jining Dranix
- Shandong Tengding
- Yantai Yiteng F.C.
See also
- Major national historical and cultural sites in Shandong
- Shandong people
- Shantungosaurus
- Shantung Problem
- East Asian snowstorms of 2009–2010
- East Asian snowstorms of late 2009
Notes
{{Notelist}}{{NoteFoot}}References
{{Reflist}}Sources
- China’s agricultural export powerhouse faces grim year - Business - Chinadaily.com.cn {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084310www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-12/19/content_16031295.htm |date=June 30, 2017 }}
- Economic profile for Shandong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921020817info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/Shandong.htm |date=September 21, 2008 }} at HKTDC
External links
{{commons|Shandong}}- {{Wikivoyage inline}}
- {{in lang|zh}} Shandong Government website
- {{in lang|en|zh}} Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850
- Shandong Article Encyclopædia Britannica
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