SUPPORT THE WORK
GetWiki
Sichuan
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
Sichuan
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Province of China}}{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids |
|---|
- Skyline of provincial capital Chengdu
- Huanglong
- Giant panda
- Mount Emei
- Leshan Giant Buddha{edih}
| factoids |
|---|
| factoids |
|---|
{{anchor|Etymology|Names}} Names
It is commonly believed that the name Sichuan means “four rivers”; in folk etymology, this is usually taken to mean four of the province’s major rivers: the Jialing, Jinsha (or Wu), Min, and Tuo.{{citation |last=Ruf |first=Gregory Anthony |title=Pillars of the State: Laboring Families, Authority, and Community in Rural Sichuan, 1937–1991 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |date=1994 |page=68}}BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=JXYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26, Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries along the Yangzi River, Rowan K., Flad, Pochan, Chen, 26, Cambridge University Press, 21 January 2013, 978-0-521-89900-0, 15 January 2019, 18 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210118183450/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26, live, According to historical geographer Tan Qixiang, “four rivers” is an erroneous interpretation of the place’s name.JOURNAL, è°å…¶éª§, 王天良, 邹逸麟, 郑å®æ’, 胡èŠå…´, 1980, zh:我国çœåŒºå称的æ¥æº, Etymology of our country’s provinces, zh:《å¤æ—¦å¦æŠ¥(社会科å¦ç‰ˆ)》, S1, 128, Tan Qixiang, The name of the province is a contraction of the phrases Sì ChuÄnlù {{nowrap|(,}} “Four Plain Circuits“) and ChuÄnxiá Sìlù (, “Four Circuits of Chuanxia“),Si (å››) means “four”, Chuan (å·) means “plain”, and Xia (“å³½“) could be understood as “gorge”. Sì ChuÄnlù and ChuÄnxiá Sìlù are general names for the Four Circuits,.BOOK, å¼ å¦å›, å››å·çœåœ°æ–¹å¿—编纂委员会, zh:《四å·çœå¿—·å·é¦–》, Annals of Sichuan Province, Volume 1, Beijing, 方志出版社, 2003, 7-80122-933-9, 103, referring to the division of the existing imperial administrative circuit in the area into four during the Northern Song dynasty, which were Yizhou, Lizhou, Zizhou, and Kuizhou.{{in lang|zh}}Origin of the Names of China’s Provinces {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=27 April 2016 }}, People’s Daily Online. The word chuan () here means “plain”, not its normal meaning of “river” as popularly assumed.BOOK, 牛æ±è¾°, zh:《ä¸å›½åœ°å掌故è¯å…¸ã€‹, Dictionary of Etymology of Chinese Places, Beijing, (:zh:ä¸å›½ç¤¾ä¼šå‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾, ä¸å›½ç¤¾ä¼šå‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾), 2016, 978-7-5087-5238-9, 321, BOOK, 贾文毓, æŽå¼•, zh:《ä¸å›½åœ°å辞æºã€‹, Etymology of Chinese Places, Beijing, (:zh:åŽå¤å‡ºç‰ˆç¤¾, Huaxia Publishing House), 2005, 7-5080-3790-1, 360, In addition to its postal map and Wade-Giles forms, the name has also been irregularly romanized as Szű-chuan and Szechuen.In antiquity, the area of modern Sichuan including the now separated Chongqing Municipality was known to the Chinese as {{nowrap|Ba-Shu}}, in reference to the ancient state of Ba and the ancient kingdom of Shu that once occupied the Sichuan Basin. Shu continued to be used to refer to the Sichuan region all through its history right up to the present day; several states formed in the area used the same name, for example, the Shu of the Three Kingdoms period, and Former Shu and Later Shu of the Ten Kingdoms period.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA71, Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River, Rowan K. Flad, Pochan Chen, Cambridge University Press, 2013, 978-0-521-89900-0, 71, 15 January 2019, 20 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200120041516/https://books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA71, live, Currently, both the characters for Shu and Chuan are commonly used as abbreviations for Sichuan.BOOK,english.sc.gov.cn/SichuaninPerspective/BriefingaboutSichuan/200906/t20090624_770675.shtml, Historical Geographical Characteristics, General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government, 16 January 2019,english.sc.gov.cn/SichuaninPerspective/BriefingaboutSichuan/200906/t20090624_770675.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20120819023648english.sc.gov.cn/SichuaninPerspective/BriefingaboutSichuan/200906/t20090624_770675.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20120819023648english.sc.gov.cn/SichuaninPerspective/BriefingaboutSichuan/200906/t20090624_770675.shtml, 19 August 2012, live, The region was formerly also referred to as ”West China” or ”Western China” by Protestant missions.History
Prehistory
The Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas of the Yangtze watershed were a cradle of indigenous civilizations dating back to at least the 15th century BC, coinciding with the Shang in northern China. The region had its own distinct religious beliefs and worldview. The earliest excavated culture found therein is the Baodun culture ({{circa}}2700–1750 BC) excavated in the Chengdu Plain.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT164, A Companion to Chinese Archaeology, Anne P. Underhill, Chapter 7: The Sichuan Basin Neolithic – The Baodun Culture, 978-1-118-32578-0, Wiley, 2013, 16 January 2019, 14 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200114001150/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT164, live, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA74, Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River, Rowan K. Flad, Pochan Chen, Cambridge University Press, 2013, 978-0-521-89900-0, 74, 16 January 2019, 26 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210126050941/https://books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA74, live,
Ba and Shu Kingdoms
File:ä¸‰æ˜Ÿå †å‡ºåœŸé’铜大立人åƒ, 2017-09-17.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze figure of a high priest from Sanxingdui, dating from the Shu kingdom ]]File:太阳神鸟金箔片, 2017-09-17.jpg|thumb|Golden Sun Bird from Jinsha siteJinsha siteThe most important native states were those of Ba and Shu.Ba stretched into Sichuan from the Han Valley in Shaanxi and Hubei down the Jialing River as far as its confluence with the Yangtze at Chongqing.BOOK, Ancient Sichuan and the Unification of China, Steven F. Sage,books.google.com/books?id=VDIrG7h_VuQC&pg=PA2, State University of New York Press, 2–3, 2006, 0-7914-1038-2, 10 March 2016, 30 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220130195606/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDIrG7h_VuQC&pg=PA2, live, Shu occupied the valley of the Min, including Chengdu and other areas of western Sichuan. The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou.Shujing {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022051ctext.org/shang-shu/speech-at-mu |date=17 November 2015 }} Original text: Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (266–420),BOOK, Sanxingdui Museum, Wu Weixi, Zhu Yarong, The Sanxingdui site: mystical mask on ancient Shu Kingdom, (:zh:äº”æ´²ä¼ æ’出版社, China Intercontinental Press), 2006, 7–8,books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC, 7-5085-0852-1, 10 March 2016, 30 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220130195603/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC, live, BOOK, Chronicles of Huayang, zh:è¯é™½åœ‹å¿—, Book 3, zh:å·ä¸‰, Chang Qu,archive.org/stream/06061130.cn#page/n90/mode/2up, 90–91, 15 November 2015,archive.org/stream/06061130.cn#page/n90/mode/2up," title="web.archive.org/web/20160314081232archive.org/stream/06061130.cn#page/n90/mode/2up,">web.archive.org/web/20160314081232archive.org/stream/06061130.cn#page/n90/mode/2up, 14 March 2016, live, and the Han-dynasty compilation {{ill|Chronicle of the Kings of Shu|zh|蜀王本紀}}.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT182, A Companion to Chinese Archaeology, Anne P. Underhill, Chapter 8: The Sanxingdui Culture of Sichuan, Sun Hua, 978-1-118-32578-0, Wiley, 2013, 15 January 2019, 17 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200117130948/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT182, live, These contained folk stories such as that of {{ill|Duyu|lt=Emperor Duyu|zh|æœå®‡}} who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan was excavated in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan.BOOK, Ta ChÊ»eng, Great Perfection – Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom, Terry F. Kleeman,books.google.com/books?id=FAJrw0yInnAC&pg=PA17, University of Hawaii Press, 1998, 0-8248-1800-8, 17–19, 22, 10 March 2016, 30 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220130195605/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAJrw0yInnAC&pg=PA17, live, This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artifacts. Excavations by archeologists yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artifacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone.BOOK, Sanxingdui Museum, Wu Weixi, Zhu Yarong, The Sanxingdui site: mystical mask on ancient Shu Kingdom, (:zh:äº”æ´²ä¼ æ’出版社, China Intercontinental Press), 2006, 5–6,books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC, 7-5085-0852-1, 10 March 2016, 30 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220130195603/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC, live, This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally “advanced” Yellow River valley of north-central China.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}Qin dynasty
The rulers of the expansionist state of Qin, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were the first strategists to realize that the area’s military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Hengduan Mountains to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and Yungui Plateau to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Three Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a haven for political refugees.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin’s unification of China.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}Han dynasty
File:Gao Yi Que2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A stone-carved gate pillar, or que, {{cvt|6|m}} in total height, located at the tomb of Gao Yi in Ya’an, Sichuan, built during the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 CE)]]Sichuan was subjected to the autonomous control of kings named by the imperial family of the Han dynasty. During the 11 years hiatus between 25 and 36 AD, Sichuan was controlled by the Chengjia Kingdom. Following the declining central government of the Han dynasty in the second century, the Sichuan basin, surrounded by mountains and easily defensible, became a popular place for upstart generals to found kingdoms that challenged the authority of Yangtze Valley emperors over China.File:Warlords in 194.jpg|thumb|right|Warlords in China around 194; Liu Bei’s takeover of Yi Province meant he seized the positions of Liu Biao and Zhang Lu eventually]]Three Kingdoms
In 221, during the partition following the fall of the Eastern Han – the era of the Three Kingdoms – Liu Bei founded the southwest kingdom of Shu Han ({{zh|labels=no|t=}}; 221–263) in parts of Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, with Chengdu as its capital. Shu-Han claimed to be the successor to the Han dynasty.BOOK, A Traveller’s History of China, Stephen G, Haw, Interlink Books, 2008, 83, In 263, the Cao Wei of North China conquered the Kingdom of Shu-Han as a step on the path to reuniting China. Salt production becomes a major business in Ziliujing District. During the Six Dynasties period of Chinese disunity, Sichuan began to be populated by non-Han ethnic minority peoples, owing to the migration of Gelao people from the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the Sichuan basin.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}Tang dynasty
File:Leshan Giant Buddha (2).jpg|thumb|right|The Leshan Giant Buddha, built during the latter half of the Tang dynastyTang dynastySichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty that Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China’s greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang’an to Sichuan which became his refuge. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.BOOK, The Territories of the People’s Republic of China, Tara, Boland-Crewe, David, Lea, Psychology Press, 2004, 187–189,Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Sichuan became the heart of the Shu kingdom with its capital in Chengdu. In 925, the kingdom was absorbed into Later Tang but would regain independence under Meng Zhixiang who founded Later Shu in 934. Later Shu would continue until 965 when it was absorbed by the Song.Song and Yuan dynasties
During the Song dynasty (960–1279), Sichuanese was able to protect themselves from Tibetan attacks with the help of the central government. There were rebellions against the Song by Li Shun in 994 and Wang Jun in 1000. Sichuan also saw cultural revivals like the great poets Su Xun (), Su Shi, and Su Zhe. Although paper currency was known in the Tang dynasty, in 1023 AD, the first true paper money in human history ({{zh|labels=no|c=(:zh:交å|交å) |p=jiÄozÇ}}) was issued in Chengdu.Horesh Niv , 2012, “From Chengdu to Stockholm: A Comparative Study of the Emergence of Paper Money in East and West“Hans G.Wiedemann & Gerhard Bayer, 1992, “Approach to ancient Chinese artifacts by means of thermal analysis”, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., AmsterdamPan Jixing, 1998, “On the origin of movable metal-type technique”, Chinese Science BulletinIt was also during the Song dynasty that the bulk of the native Ba people of eastern Sichuan assimilated into the Han Chinese ethnicity.JOURNAL, Fei, Xiaotong, 2017-12-18, The formation and development of the Chinese nation with multi-ethnic groups, International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology, 1, 1, 1, 10.1186/s41257-017-0001-z, 256521035, 2366-1003, free, In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Southern Song dynasty established coordinated defenses against the Mongolian Yuan dynasty, in Sichuan and Xiangyang. The Southern Song state monopolized the Sichuan tea industry to pay for warhorses, but this state intervention eventually brought devastation to the local economy.BOOK, A History of China, Roberts, John A.G., 978-0-230-34536-2, Palgrave Essential Histories series,books.google.com/books?id=rBpvOo_R854C, 2011, Palgrave Macmillan, 109, 15 November 2015,web.archive.org/web/20160604052529/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBpvOo_R854C, 4 June 2016, live, The line of defense was finally broken through after the first use of firearms in history during the six-year Battle of Xiangyang, which ended in 1273. Allegedly there were a million pieces of unspecified types of skeleton bones belonging to war animals and both Song and Yuan soldiers who perished in the fighting over the city, although the figure may have been grossly exaggerated.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=4MBZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP728, zh:æˆéƒ½å½•, Yi jia tang cong shu, Yu, Songnian, 1840, 18 October 2020, 13 May 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220513003121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MBZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP728, live, The recorded number of families in Sichuan dropped from 2,640,000 families, [Li Xinchuan], “”, [Wenhai Publishing Co.], 1967. 1st set,section 7, page 15 as recorded from the census taken in 1162 AD, to 120,000 families [Li Xinchuan], “”, [Wenhai Publishing Co.], 1967. 1st set,section 7, page 16 in 1282 AD.C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire Possible causes include forced population transfer to nearby areas, evacuation to nearby provinces, census under-reporting or inaccuracy, and war-related deaths.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}One instance of the deportation of Sichuanese civilians to Mongolia occurred in the aftermath of a battle in 1259 when more than 80,000 people were taken captive from one city in Sichuan and moved to Mongolia.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325, State Power in China, 900–1325, 325, 978-0-295-99848-0, Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Smith, Paul Jakov, 25 August 2016, University of Washington Press, 19 August 2019, 12 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200112095010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325, live,Ming dynasty
File:“Suchuen, Imperii Sinarum provincia sexta. ” (22065652598).jpg|thumb|Map of (Sichuan) from Willem and Joan Blaeu’s 1659 Geographia Blaviana.]]The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuzhen’s Xia polity which ruled Sichuan.BOOK, Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644,books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA125, 26 February 1988, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-24332-2, 125–127, 2 May 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161128142547/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA125, 28 November 2016, live, During the Ming dynasty, major architectural works were created in Sichuan. Buddhism remained influential in the region. Bao’en Temple is a well-preserved 15th-century monastery complex built between 1440 and 1446 during the Zhengtong Emperor’s reign (1427–64). Dabei Hall enshrines a thousand-armed wooden image of Guanyin and Huayan Hall is a repository with a revolving sutra cabinet. The wall paintings, sculptures, and other ornamental details are masterpieces of the Ming period.BOOK, Pan, Guxi, 2002, Chinese Architecture – The Yuan and Ming Dynasties, English, Yale University Press, 245–246, 0-300-09559-7,archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/245, In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan’an, Shaanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi dynasty (). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large number of people in Sichuan, killing around one in three people.BOOK, Dillon, Michael, China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary, Routledge, 1998, 978-0700704392, 379,books.google.com/books?id=VA5tKw11K8YC&pg=PA379, from J.B. Parsons, The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (University of Arizona Press). 1970NEWS,app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8-3.html, Skeletons of massacre victims uncovered at construction site, 11 April 2002, Shanghai Star,app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8-3.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20060422024601app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8-3.html,">web.archive.org/web/20060422024601app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8-3.html, 22 April 2006, dmy-all, As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.JOURNAL, The Culmination of a Chinese Peasant Rebellion: Chang Hsien-chung in Szechwan, 1644–46, James B. Parsons, The Journal of Asian Studies, 16, 3, 387–400, 1957, 10.2307/2941233, 2941233, 162377335, BOOK, Yingcong Dai, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing,books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA16, 2009, University of Washington Press, 978-0-295-98952-5, 16–, 2 May 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161128213258/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA16, 28 November 2016, live,Qing dynasty
{{see also|Hakka people#Sichuan}}Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the Ming dynasty but during the Qing plan to increase the population in 1671 they came to Sichuan again. In 1904 Deng Xiaoping was born in Sichuan.BOOK, Yingcong Dai, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing,books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25, 2009, University of Washington Press, 978-0-295-98952-5, 25–, 20 July 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161128154047/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25, 28 November 2016, live, During the Qing dynasty, Sichuan was merged with Shaanxi and Shanxi to create “Shenzhuan” during 1680–1731 and 1735–1748. The current borders of Sichuan (which then included Chongqing) were established in the early 18th century. In the aftermath of the Sino-Nepalese War on China’s southwestern border, the Qing gave Sichuan’s provincial government direct control over the minority-inhabited areas of Sichuan west of Kangding, which had previously been handled by an amban.BOOK, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing, Yingcong, Dai, University of Washington Press, 2009, 19–26, 145, A landslide dam on the Dadu River caused by an earthquake gave way on 10 June 1786. The resulting flood killed 100,000 people.Schuster, R.L. and G. F. Wieczorek, “Landslide triggers and types” in Landslides: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides 2002 A.A. Balkema Publishers. p.66 weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031073437books.google.com/books?id=psFSK_nUqqMC&pg=RA1-PA66&lpg=RA1-PA66&dq=10+June+1786+dadu&source=web&ots=baUnVQRMZA&sig=q7ExeDUuAmFl0JdFjZY0r-LthDc&hl=en|date=31 October 2015}}Republic of China
File:Japanese bombing chinese main road.jpg|thumb|upright|Japanese bombers bombing a road in ChongqingChongqingIn the early 20th century, the newly founded Republic of China established the Chuanbian Special Administrative District () on the province’s territories to the west of the Sichuan Basin. The Special District later became the province of Xikang, incorporating the areas inhabited by Yi, Tibetan, and Qiang ethnic minorities to its west, and eastern part of today’s Tibet Autonomous Region.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporarily relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is those nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard.BOOK, Teachers’ Schools and the Making of the Modern Chinese Nation-State, 1897–1937, Xiaoping, Cong, UBC Press, 2011, 203, The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of the Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-shek’s Kuomintang government during 1938–45 and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China are obtained by the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing switched to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue the anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.BOOK, Marks, Thomas A., Counterrevolution in China: Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang, Frank Cass, London, 1998, 0-7146-4700-4,books.google.com/books?id=04QiOlNKQGEC&pg=PA116, 116–117, 2 July 2020, 2 July 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200702194757/https://books.google.com/books?id=04QiOlNKQGEC&pg=PA116, live,People’s Republic of China
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, and it split Sichuan into four areas and separated Chongqing municipality. Sichuan was reconstituted in 1952, with Chongqing added in 1954, while the former Xikang province was split between Tibet in the west and Sichuan in the east.The province was deeply affected by the Great Chinese Famine of 1959–1961, during which period some 9.4 million people (13.07% of the population at the time) died.BOOK, Cao, Shuji (æ›¹æ ‘åŸº), zh:大饑è’：1959ï¼1961å¹´çš„ä¸å›½äººå£, Great Famine: China’s population from 1959 to 1961, 香港時代國際出版有é™å…¬å¸, Hong Kong, zh-hant, 2005, In 1978, when Deng Xiaoping took power, Sichuan was one of the first provinces to experiment with the market economic enterprise.From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China’s most populous province, hitting the 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000.WEB,www.citypopulation.de/China-UA.html, Citypopulation.de:China, 19 October 2009,www.citypopulation.de/China-UA.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150704001241www.citypopulation.de/China-UA.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150704001241www.citypopulation.de/China-UA.html, 4 July 2015, live, This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China’s effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project.In 1997 when Sichuan split, the sum of the two parts was recorded to be 114,720,000 people.WEB,www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/YB1998e/D4-3E.htm, National Statistics Agency Tables:4-3 Total Population and Birth Rate, Death Rate and Natural Growth Rate by Region (1997), 19 October 2009,www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/YB1998e/D4-3E.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20091113223314www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/YB1998e/D4-3E.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20091113223314www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/YB1998e/D4-3E.htm, 13 November 2009, live, As of 2010, Sichuan ranks as both the 3rd largest (the largest among Chinese provinces with a population greater than 50 million) and 4th most populous province in China.WEB,thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/sichuan-province/, Sichuan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Sichuan’s Economy, Thechinaperspective.com, 2011-10-30,thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/sichuan-province/," title="web.archive.org/web/20111008050304thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/sichuan-province/,">web.archive.org/web/20111008050304thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/sichuan-province/, 8 October 2011, live, In May 2008, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9/8.0 hit just {{cvt|79|km}} northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu. Official figures recorded a death toll of nearly 70,000 people, and millions of people were left homeless.NEWS,news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html, 2008-06-08, 2008-07-06, Casualties of the Wenchuan Earthquake, Sina.com, zh-hans,news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080519003228news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080519003228news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html, 19 May 2008, live, , and NEWS,news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-07-06/162615881691.shtml, 2008-07-06, 2008-07-07, Wenchuan Earthquake has already caused 69,196 fatalities and 18,379 missing, Sina.com, zh-hans,news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-07-06/162615881691.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20110610125546news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-07-06/162615881691.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20110610125546news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-07-06/162615881691.shtml, 10 June 2011, live,Administrative divisions
Sichuan consists of twenty-one prefecture-level divisions: eighteen prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and three autonomous prefectures:{| class=“wikitable sortable” style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center”Urban areas {| class“wikitable sortable collapsible” style@font-size:90%;”
! colspan=5 | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county citiesGeography and biodiversity
Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau, which are known generically as the Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, the Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at {{cvt|7556|m|ft}} above sea level. The mountains are formed by the collision of the Tibetan Plateau with the Yangtze Plate. Faults here include the Longmenshan Fault which ruptured during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Other mountain ranges surround the Sichuan Basin from north, east, and south. Among them are the Daba Mountains, in the province’s northeast.The Yangtze River and its tributaries flow through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. There are also a number of other rivers, such as the Jialing River, Tuo River, Yalong River, Wu River, and Jinsha River, and any four of the various rivers are often grouped as the “four rivers” that the name of Sichuan is commonly and mistakenly believed to mean.Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general, it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the Köppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, wet summers and short, mild to cool, dry, and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China’s lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to its high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (Köppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to −30 °C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C.JOURNAL, Study on Rural Poverty in Ecologically Fragile Areas-A Case Study of the Tibetan Areas in Sichuan Province, Asian Agricultural Research, 2012, 4, 1, 27–31, 61,ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/133098/2/06.PDF, 26 March 2013, Lan Hong-xing, USA-China Science and Culture Media Corporation,ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/133098/2/06.PDF," title="web.archive.org/web/20130513063229ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/133098/2/06.PDF,">web.archive.org/web/20130513063229ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/133098/2/06.PDF, 13 May 2013, live, The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.Sichuan borders Qinghai to the northwest, Gansu to the north, Shaanxi to the northeast, Chongqing to the east, Guizhou to the southeast, Yunnan to the south, and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the west.File:Larix potaninii trees Huluhai.jpg|Larix potaninii in fall.File:1 Seda facing south.jpg|Garzê PrefectureFile:Zitong-sichuan-china.jpg|Zitong CountyFile:A Typical Linpan unit in Pi County.jpg|Linpan in Chengdu Plain is a well-known landmark in Chengdu Plain, Sichuan.Giant panda
File:Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg|thumb|Giant pandas eating bamboo in ChengduChengduGiant pandas live in bamboo forests and low mountainous areas such as the Minshan Mountains in Sichuan.weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161518wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/giant_panda/panda/where_panda_lives_habitat/|date=1 May 2018}}, Survey in Minshang Mountains by Michel The majority of the panda population lives in Sichuan, with their range spreading into Shaanxi and Gansu. As it is abundant where they live, pandas’ diet consists of 99% bamboo, with small other plants, or small animals consisting of the other 1%. As the panda is native to China, they have become a national symbol of China.weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202525www.spiritanimal.info/panda-spirit-animal/|date=24 April 2018}}, Panda Symbolism by Elena Harris.Politics
The politics of Sichuan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.The governor of Sichuan is the highest-ranking official in the People’s Government of Sichuan. However, in the province’s dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Sichuan Communist Party of China’s Party Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the “Sichuan CCP Party Chief”.Economy
(File:IFS Chengdu logo and Tower 2.jpg|thumb|right|Chengdu IFS)File:Tianfu Financial Center 2.jpg|thumb|Tianfu New AreaTianfu New AreaSichuan is the 6th-largest provincial economy of China, the largest in Western China and the second largest among inland provinces after Henan. As of 2021, its nominal GDP was 5,385 billion yuan (US$847.68 billion), ahead of the GDP of Turkey of 815 billion. Compared to a country, it would be the 18th-largest economy as well as the 19th most populous as of 2021. As of 2021, its nominal GDP per capita was 64,357 RMB (US$10,120).WEB, 2022-02-07, Decoding China’s 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers,www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/, 2022-09-15, China Briefing News, en, 19 August 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220819091517/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/, live, In 2021, the per capita net income of rural residents was 17,575 yuan (US$2760). The per capita disposable income of the urbanites averaged 41,444 yuan (US$6510).Sichuan has been historically known as the “Province of Abundance”. It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches, and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium is the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of cobalt in the whole country.WEB,www.tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpsic.htm, SICHUAN PROVINCE (hktdc.com), 5 February 2006,www.tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpsic.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060208093813www.tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpsic.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20060208093813www.tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpsic.htm, 8 February 2006, live, Sichuan also possesses China’s largest proven natural gas reserves (such as the Dazhou gas field), the majority of which are transported to more developed eastern regions.Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron, and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food, and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. Deyang, Panzhihua, and Yibin are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan’s wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country’s total production in 2000.Great strides have been made in developing Sichuan into a modern hi-tech industrial base, by encouraging both domestic and foreign investments in electronics and information technology (such as software), machinery and metallurgy (including automobiles), hydropower, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries.The auto industry is an important and key sector of the machinery industry in Sichuan. Most of the auto manufacturing companies are located in Chengdu, Mianyang, Nanchong, and Luzhou.WEB,strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111906e.html, International Market Research – AUTO PARTS INDUSTRY IN SICHUAN AND CHONGQING, 5 February 2006,strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111906e.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20060626154234strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111906e.html,">web.archive.org/web/20060626154234strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111906e.html, 26 June 2006, Other important industries in Sichuan include aerospace and defense (military) industries. A number of China’s rockets (Long March rockets) and satellites were launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, located in the city of Xichang.Sichuan’s landscapes and rich historical relics have also made the province a center for tourism.The Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam ever constructed, was built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream. The plan is hailed by some as China’s efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its industrial and commercial bases, but has been denounced for mass resettlement, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damage.Economic development zones
Chengdu Hi-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone
Chengdu Hi-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone was established with the approval of the State Council on October 18, 2010, and passed the national acceptance on February 25, 2011. It was officially operated in May 2011. Chengdu High-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone is integrated and expanded from the former Chengdu Export Processing Zone and Chengdu Bonded Logistics Center. it is located in the Chengdu West High-tech Industrial Development Zone, with an area of 4.68 square kilometers and divided into three areas A, B, and C. The industries focus on notebook computer manufacturing, tablet computer manufacturing, wafer manufacturing, chip packaging testing, electronic components, precision machining, and the biopharmaceutical industry. Chengdu Hi-Tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone has attracted the top 500 multinational enterprises such as Intel, Foxconn, Texas Instruments, Dell, Morse, and so on.In 2020, the Chengdu Hi-Tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone achieved a total import and export volume of 549.1 billion yuan (including the Shuangliu Sub-zone), accounting for 68% of the province’s total foreign trade import and export volume, ranking first in the national comprehensive insurance zone import and export volume for three consecutive years.Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone
Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone ({{zh|s=æˆéƒ½ç»æµŽæŠ€æœ¯å¼€å‘区|hp=ChéngdÅ« jÄ«ngjì jìshù kÄifÄ qÅ«|links=no}}) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of {{cvt|10.25|km2|}} and a planned area of {{cvt|26|km2|}}. Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies {{cvt|13.6|km|}} east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China. The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there. Industries encouraged in the zone include mechanical, electronic, new building materials, medicine, and food processing.WEB,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-economic-technology-development-zone/, Chengdu Economic & Technological Development Zone, RightSite.asia, 2011-03-15,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-economic-technology-development-zone," title="web.archive.org/web/20100507150656rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-economic-technology-development-zone,">web.archive.org/web/20100507150656rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-economic-technology-development-zone, 7 May 2010, live,Chengdu Export Processing Zone
Chengdu Export Processing Zone ({{zh|s=æˆéƒ½å‡ºå£åŠ 工区|hp=ChéngdÅ« chÅ«kÇ’u jiÄgÅng qÅ«|links=no}})) was ratified by the State Council as one of the first 15 export processing zones in the country in April 2000. In 2002, the state ratified the establishment of the Sichuan Chengdu Export Processing West Zone with a planned area of {{cvt|1.5|km2|}}, located inside the west region of the Chengdu Hi-tech Zone.WEB,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-export-processing-zone/, Chengdu Export Processing Zone, RightSite.asia, 2011-03-15,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-export-processing-zone," title="web.archive.org/web/20100505062609rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-export-processing-zone,">web.archive.org/web/20100505062609rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-export-processing-zone, 5 May 2010, live,Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
(File:S. Renmin Road.jpg|thumb|South Renmin Road, Chengdu)Established in 1988, Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone ({{zh|s=æˆéƒ½é«˜æ–°æŠ€æœ¯äº§ä¸šå¼€å‘区|hp=ChéngdÅ« GÄoxÄ«n Jìshù ChÇŽnyè KÄifÄ QÅ«|links=no}}) was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991. In 2000, it was open to APEC and has been recognized as a national advanced hi-tech development zone in successive assessment activities held by China’s Ministry of Science and Technology. It ranks 5th among the 53 national hi-tech development zones in China in terms of comprehensive strength.Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of {{cvt|82.5|km2|}}, consisting of South Park and West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation, incubation R&D, modern service industry, and Headquarters economy playing leading roles. Priority has been given to the development of the software industry. Located on both sides of the “Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou” golden tourism channel, the West Park aims at building a comprehensive industrial park targeting industrial clustering with complete supportive functions. West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information, biomedicine, and precision machinery.WEB,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/, Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, RightSite.asia, 2011-03-15,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone," title="web.archive.org/web/20100620200717rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone,">web.archive.org/web/20100620200717rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone, 20 June 2010, live,Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992, with a planned area of {{cvt|43|km2|}}. The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu and is {{cvt|8|km|}} away from Mianyang Airport. Since its establishment, the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output, 46.2 billion yuan of gross domestic product, and fiscal revenue of 6.768 billion yuan. There are more than 136 high-tech enterprises in the zone and they accounted for more than 90% of the total industrial output.The zone is a leader in the electronic information industry, biological medicine, new materials, and the production of motor vehicles and parts.WEB,rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/mianyang-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/, RightSite.asia {{!, Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |access-date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505065743rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/mianyang-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=live }}Transportation
File:å¡è¨æ¹–.jpg|thumb|Sichuan–Tibet Highway passes by Lake Kasa in Luhuo CountyLuhuo CountyFor millennia, Sichuan’s rugged and riverine landscape presented enormous challenges to the development of transportation infrastructure, and the lack of roads out of the Sichuan Basin contributed to the region’s isolation. Since the 1950s, numerous highways and railways have been built through the Qinling in the north and the Bashan in the east. Dozens of bridges across the Yangtze and its tributaries to the south and west have brought greater connectivity with Yunnan and Tibet.Airports
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport is the 4th-busiest airport in mainland China. It was among the world’s top 30 busiest airports in 2015, and the busiest in western and central China. It was also the fifth-busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic in China in 2013. Chengdu airport is the hub of Sichuan Airlines, Chengdu Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, Tibet Airlines, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Lucky Air, and Air China. Alongside Shuangliu Airport, Chengdu Tianfu International Airport has opened in 2021.Chengdu airports are also 144-hour transit visa-free airports for foreigners from 53 countries.Expressways
On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Suining-Chongqing Expressway was completed after three years of construction. After the completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the {{cvt|36.64|km|}} expressway connected Chengdu-Nanchong Expressway and formed the shortest expressway from Chengdu to Chongqing. The new expressway is {{cvt|50|km|}} shorter than the pre-existing road between Chengdu and Chongqing; thus journey time between the two cities was reduced by an hour, now taking two and a half hours. The Sui-Yu Expressway is a four-lane overpass with a speed limit of {{cvt|80|km/h|}}. The total investment was 1.045 billion yuan.Rail
China Railway Chengdu Group is headquartered in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, managing railway systems in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou. Sichuan’s major railways in Sichuan include the Baoji–Chengdu, Chengdu–Chongqing, Chengdu–Kunming, Neijiang–Kunming, Suining–Chongqing, and Chengdu–Dazhou railways. High-speed railways in Sichuan include the Chengdu–Chongqing high-speed railway, Xi’an-Chengdu high-speed railway, Chengdu-Guiyang high-speed railway, and Chengdu–Kunming high-speed railway. A suburban railway connects Chengdu and Dujiangyan.Demographics
(File:Yi-Minority.JPG|thumb|right|The Yi are the largest ethnic minority group in Sichuan.){{Historical Populations|title = Historical population|width = 16em|state = collapsedReligion
{{See also|Christianity in Sichuan|Islam in Sichuan}}{{Pie chartCulture
{{further|Sichuanese people}}The Sichuanese people (Sichuanese: Ba1su2ren2; IPA: {{IPA|[paË¥su˨˩zÉ™n˨˩]}}; alternatively , , or ) are a subgroup of Han Chinese living in mostly Sichuan province and the neighboring Chongqing municipality. Beginning from the 9th century BC, Shu (on the Chengdu Plain) and Ba (which had its first capital at Enshi City in Hubei and controlled part of the Han Valley) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established. Although eventually, the Qin dynasty destroyed the kingdoms of Shu and Ba, the Qin government accelerated the technological and agricultural advancements of Sichuan making it comparable to that of the Yellow River Valley. The now-extinct Ba–Shu language was derived from Qin-era settlers and represents the earliest documented division from what is now called Middle Chinese.During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the population of the area was reduced through wars and the bubonic plague, and settlers arrived from the area of modern Hubei, replacing the earlier common Chinese with a new standard.The Li Bai Memorial, located in Jiangyou, is a museum in memory of Li Bai, a Chinese poet of Tang China (618–907) built at the place where he grew up. The building was begun in 1962 on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of his death, completed in 1981, and opened to the public in October 1982. The memorial is built in the style of the classic Tang garden.In 2003, Sichuan had “88 art performing troupes, 185 culture centers, 133 libraries, and 52 museums”. Companies based in Sichuan also produced 23 television series and one film.NEWS,www.newsgd.com/specials/panprdforum/deltadetails/200405260039.htm, Sichuan: Education and Culture, 2004-05-26, 2014-01-04, newsgd.com, Catherine,www.newsgd.com/specials/panprdforum/deltadetails/200405260039.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20150514051220www.newsgd.com/specials/panprdforum/deltadetails/200405260039.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20150514051220www.newsgd.com/specials/panprdforum/deltadetails/200405260039.htm, 14 May 2015, live,Languages
(File:Sichuanese in China.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Extent of present-day Sichuanese language)The Sichuanese once spoke their variety of Spoken Chinese called Ba-Shu Chinese, or Old Sichuanese before it became extinct during the Ming dynasty. Now most of them speak Sichuanese Mandarin. The Minjiang dialects are thought by some linguists{{who|date=March 2019}} to be a bona fide descendant of Old Sichuanese, but there is no conclusive evidence whether Minjiang dialects are derived from Old Sichuanese or Southwestern Mandarin.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}The languages of Sichuan are primarily members of three subfamilies of the Sino-Tibetan languages.The most widely used variety of Chinese spoken in Sichuan is Sichuanese, which is the lingua franca in Sichuan, Chongqing, and parts of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Although Sichuanese is generally classified as a dialect of Mandarin Chinese, it is highly divergent in phonology, vocabulary, and even grammar from Standard Chinese.BOOK, zh-hans, Cui, Rongchang (å´”è£æ˜Œ), zh:《四å·æ–¹è¨€ä¸Žå·´èœ€æ–‡åŒ–》, 1996, Sichuan University Press, zh:ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« ï¼šå››å·çš„官è¯, 7-5614-1296-7, The Minjiang dialect is especially difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand.BOOK, zh-hans, Li, Bin (æŽå½¬), Tu, Minghua (涂鸣åŽ), zh:《百年ä¸å›½æ–°é—»äººï¼ˆä¸Šå†Œï¼‰ã€‹, 2007, Fujian People’s Press, 563, 978-7-211-05482-4, NEWS, zh-hans, zh:å››å·äº¤é€šï¼š“窗壓飞æ¥æ™®é€šè¯, Wu, Dan (å´ä¸¹), Liang, Xiaoming (æ¢æ™“明), zh:ä¸å›½äº¤é€šæŠ¥, 23 November 2005, NEWS, zh-hans, zh:大å¦ç”Ÿæ‘官æ¶è¡¥å››å·æ–¹è¨€ 现在能用æµåˆ©å››å·è¯å’Œæ‘民交æµ, Zhang, Guosheng (å¼ å›½ç››), Yu, Yong (余勇), (:zh:北京晨报, Morning Post), 1 June 2009, NEWS, zh-hans, zh:走进大山的志愿者, zh:å››å·é’年报, Sichuan Youth Paper, 18 July 2009, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages as well. The Yi people of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan speak the Nuosu language, which is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages; Yi is written using the Yi script, a syllabary standardized in 1974. The Southwest University for Nationalities has one of China’s most prominent Tibetology departments and the Southwest Minorities Publishing House prints literature in minority languages.WEB,www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/143#fn2, The Wuhou District (æ¦ä¾¯åŒº), a Tibetan enclave in Chengdu, 2009-03-24, 2013-01-04, 1864-1407, TibetInfoNet,www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/143#fn2," title="web.archive.org/web/20140105045511www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/143#fn2,">web.archive.org/web/20140105045511www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/143#fn2, 5 January 2014, live, In the minority-inhabited regions of Sichuan, there is bilingual signage and public school instruction in non-Mandarin minority languages.Sichuan brocade
File:Sichuan brocade, double bird pattern 2.png|thumb|Sichuan brocade manufactured between the 7th and early 10th century, featuring double bird in floral roundel pattern; collection of Chengdu MuseumChengdu MuseumCommonly known as “Shu brocade” () in Chinese, Sichuan brocade is referred to as the “mother of brocade in China” given its age.JOURNAL, Wang, Yeting, 2018, Road Heritage: Ancient and Modern Shu brocade and Southern Silk Road,www.researchgate.net/publication/328226896, Revista de Arquitetura IMED, 7, 1, 165, 10.18256/2318-1109.2018.v7i1.2933, 134170907, March 17, 2023, free, This technique of embroidery originates in the capital city of Chengdu during the time of the Ancient Kingdom of Shu. It enjoyed high popularity throughout the regions along the Silk Road, which stimulated an “exoticization” of the embroidery designs during the 1st millennium, with most of the patterns imported from Sogdia and other parts of Central Asia.MAGAZINE, Cheng, Si, Qiao, Hong, 2022, å”ä»£èœ€é”¦å›¢çª çº¹çš„å®¡ç¾Žç‰¹å¾, Aesthetic Characteristics of Tuanke Pattern of Shu Brocade in Tang Dynasty,www.fzkjjz.com/UploadDoc/944_20220620135913.pdf, zh-hans, Progress in Textile Science & Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan Textile Science & Technology Intelligence Center; Sichuan Textile Engineering Academy, 56, March 17, 2023, According to the Book of Sui, in the year 605 AD, the head of the Sichuan ateliers producing silks in the “western style” was a certain He Chou, a name which betrays his Sogdian origins.WEB,www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/compareti.html, The role of the Sogdian Colonies in the diffusion of the pearl roundels pattern, Compareti, Matteo, 2003, transoxiana.org, March 17, 2023, Most of the silk products unearthed in Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan) and Qinghai (Tuyuhun Kingdom) confirmed to be manufactured in Sichuan.WEB,cdmuseum.com/xinwen/202011/2005.html, å‡ä»€ä¹ˆè¯´æ–°ç–†ã€é’海出土的锦，好多都是蜀锦？, Why are most of the brocades unearthed in Xinjiang and Qinghai made in Sichuan?, December 2, 2017, Chengdu Museum, cdmuseum.com, zh-hans, March 17, 2023,Cuisine
Sichuan is well known for its spicy cuisine and use of Sichuan peppers due to its humid climate.The Sichuanese are proud of their cuisine, known as one of the Four Great Traditions of Chinese cuisine. The cuisine here is of “one dish, one shape, hundreds of dishes, hundreds of tastes”, as the saying goes, to describe its acclaimed diversity. The most prominent traits of Sichuanese cuisine are described by four words: spicy, hot, fresh, and fragrant.Sichuanese Cuisine {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061416www.5hpk.com/WebUI/InfoDir/pTopicTagSearch.html?SiteId=Whpk&DirId=ys&MainClassId=ys&tag=%u5DDD%u83DC |date=20 July 2008 }} {{in lang|zh}} – Pictures, descriptions, history, and examples of Sichuan cuisine. Sichuan cuisine is popular in the whole nation of China, and so are Sichuan chefs.Another famous Sichuan delicacy is hot pot. Hot pot is a Chinese soup containing a variety of East Asian foodstuffs and ingredients, prepared with a simmering pot of soup stock at the dining table. While the hot pot is kept simmering, ingredients are placed into the pot and cooked at the table. Typical hot pot dishes include thinly sliced meat, leaf vegetables, mushrooms, wontons, egg dumplings, tofu, and seafood. The cooked food is usually eaten with a dipping sauce.File:Kung-pao-shanghai.jpg|Kung Pao chicken, one of the best known dishes of Sichuan cuisineFile:Mapodoufu.jpg|Mapo doufuFile:æ‹…æ‹…é¢ Dandan noodles.jpg|Dandan noodlesFile:Mixed sauce noodles.JPG|Zha Jiang Noodles ()Education
Colleges and universities
{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Sichuan}}As of 2022, Sichuan hosts 134 institutions of higher education, ranking first in the Western China region and fifth among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu, Guangdong, Henan and Shandong.WEB, 全国普通高ç‰å¦æ ¡åå• - ä¸åŽäººæ°‘共和国教育部政府门户网站,hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/, 2022-06-18, hudong.moe.gov.cn, WEB, 全国高ç‰å¦æ ¡åå• - ä¸åŽäººæ°‘共和国教育部政府门户网站,www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html, 2022-06-18, www.moe.gov.cn,- Sichuan University (Chengdu)
- Southwest Jiaotong University (Chengdu)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (Chengdu)
- Southwestern University of Finance and Economics (Chengdu)
- Chengdu University of Technology (Chengdu)
- Chengdu University of Information Technology (Chengdu)
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chengdu)
- Civil Aviation Flight University of China (Guanghan)
- Southwest University for Nationalities (Chengdu)
- Sichuan Normal University (Chengdu)
- Sichuan Agricultural University (Ya’an, Chengdu, Dujiangyan)
- Southwest Petroleum University (Nanchong and Chengdu)
- Xihua University (Chengdu)
- Southwest University of Science and Technology (Mianyang)
- China West Normal University (Nanchong)
- North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong)
- Panzhihua University (Panzhihua)
- Sichuan Police College (Luzhou)
- Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (Zigong and Yibin)
- Chengdu University (Chengdu)
- Xichang University (Xichang)
- Aba Teachers University (Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture)
- Yibin University (Yibin)
Tourism
File:Beauty of Jiuzhaigou National Park - Apr 2017.png|JiuzhaigouFile:Yading - panoramio (1).jpg|YadingFile:1 huanglong pools aerial 2011.jpg|Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest AreaFile:Jiuzhaigou, Aba, Sichuan, China - panoramio - dayu490301.jpg|Waterfalls at JiuzhaigouFile:毕棚沟.jpg|Bipenggou ValleyFile:四姑娘山景区 Mount Siguniang Scenic Area 45.jpg|Mount Siguniang Scenic AreaFile:大冰瀑布-Q30023595.jpg|Hailuogou Glacier Forest ParkFile:Mount Emei - Sunrise above the clouds.jpg|alt=|Mount EmeiUNESCO World Heritage Sites in Sichuan province and Chongqing municipality include:- Dazu Rock Carvings and Wulong Karst (Chongqing municipality)
- Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area
- Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area
- Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area
- Mount Qincheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System
- Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
Visa exemption
144-hour Visa-free Transit
Holders of passports issued by 53 countries do not require a visa for a 144-hour stay if they are transiting through Chengdu Tianfu International Airport and Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport of entry, provided that they:WEB, æˆéƒ½æ¢å¤144å°æ—¶è¿‡å¢ƒå…ç¾æ”¿ç–,sc.people.com.cn/n2/2023/0109/c379471-40258719.html, 2023-10-04, sc.people.com.cn, WEB, æˆéƒ½å¤©åºœå›½é™…机场å£å²¸æ£å¼å¯¹å¤–开放-ä¸å›½æ°‘航网,www.caacnews.com.cn/1/5/202303/t20230326_1365711.html, 2023-10-04, www.caacnews.com.cn,- hold passports valid for at least 3 months from the date of intended arrival and visas for the destination countries (if required); and
- hold ticket receipts (with confirmed seats, if applicable) departing in 144 hours, which shows that their first destination (including stopovers of any kind) outside China is located in a third country. Hong Kong and Macau are considered as third territories for transit purposes.
Eligible countriesWEB, titleæˆéƒ½èˆªç©ºå£å²¸å¤–国人过境144å°æ—¶å…ç¾åœç•™èŒƒå›´æ”¿ç–ç”ç–‘, urgat.sc.gov.cn/scgat/c103401/2019/11/29/bff1b11ee14a42749ec7b4c8bce80d6f.shtml, access-date2023-10-04, websitegat.sc.gov.cn, {| style@ border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;“|
- {{flagicon|European Union|}} All European Union citizens
- {{flagcountry|Albania}}
- {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
- {{flagcountry|Australia}}
- {{flagcountry|Belarus}}2
- {{flagcountry|Bosnia}}2
- {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
- {{flagcountry|Brunei}}2
- {{flagcountry|Canada}}
- {{flagcountry|Chile}}
- {{flagcountry|Iceland}}
- {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
- {{flagcountry|Japan}}
- {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}2
- {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
- {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
- {{flagcountry|Monaco}}
- {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
- {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
- {{flag|North Macedonia}}
- {{flagcountry|Norway}}
- {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
- {{flagcountry|Qatar}}2
- {{flagcountry|Russia}}
- {{flagcountry|Serbia}}2
- {{flagcountry|Singapore}}2
- {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
- {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
- {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
- {{flagcountry|UAE}}2
- {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
- {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}1
- {{flagcountry|United States}}
- Visa exemption in general}}
24-hour Visa-free Transit
Under the 24-hour Visa-exemption policy, visa is not required for travelers who:- hold a passport valid for at least 3 months from the date of entry;
- arrive by air, cruise ship or train (except for arriving at certain airports listed below);
- hold confirmed air, cruise ship or train tickets to a third-country final destination outside mainland China departing in 24 hours (standby tickets are not allowed); and,
- depart mainland China on a flight, cruise ship or train within 24 hours after arrival.
Notable individuals
- Ba Jin (25 November 1904 – 17 October 2005), novelist and writer
- Bai Ling, actress
- Bao Sanniang, a possibly fictional woman warrior of the Three Kingdoms period.
- Chang Chün, premier of the Republic of China
- Chang Dai-chien, artist
- Che Yongli (28 January 1980), actress
- Chen Kenmin (27 June 1912 – 12 May 1990), chef who specialized in Sichuan cuisine. Father of well-known Iron Chef, Chen Kenichi.
- Chen Pokong (1963–), author, political commentator and democracy activist
- Chen Shou, official and writer
- Cheung Chung-kiu, business magnate
- Deng Xiaoping, Chinese Paramount Leader during the 1980s, his former residence is now a museum.
- Guifeng Zongmi (780–841), Tang dynasty Buddhist scholar-monk, fifth patriarch of the Huayan school as well as a patriarch of the Heze lineage of Southern Chan
- Guo Moruo, renowned author
- Akio Hong, broadcaster
- Huang Jiguang, highly decorated soldier during the Korean War
- Jiang Zhuyun, revolutionary martyr
- Li Bai (701–762), poet of the Tang dynasty
- Li Bifeng, activist
- Li Ching-Yuen, herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor, also known for extreme longevity claims
- Li Shou-min, better known as Huanzhulouzhu (1902–1961), novelist of the xianxia genre
- Li Shunxian ({{circa|900}}–926), Persian-Sichuanese poet, concubine of Emperor Wang Zongyan of Former Shu
- Li Yifeng, actor and singer
- Li Yuchun, singer, songwriter, and actress
- Liao Yiwu, author, reporter, musician, and poet
- Liu Yonghao, businessman
- Luo Ruiqing, army officer and politician
- Meng Caicheng, (è’™è£æˆ, 1859–1928), activist in the Railway Protection Movement
- Ouyang Xiu (1007–22 September 1072), Confucian historian, essayist, calligrapher, poet, and official bureaucrat of the Song dynasty
- Sanyu (painter)
- Song Cheng-tsi (1892–1955), Anglican bishop
- Song Yonghua, scholar
- Su Shi (8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), Confucian bureaucrat official, poet, artist, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and official bureaucrat of the Song dynasty
- Su Xun (1009–1066), poet and prose-writer of the Song dynasty
- Su Zhe (1039–1112), poet and essayist, a Confucian bureaucratic official of the Song dynasty
- Tan Weiwei, singer and actress
- Tang Chun-i, philosopher and scholar
- Wang Jiujiang (1957–), painter
- Wang Jianlin, business magnate, investor, and philanthropist
- Wang Xiaoya, television host and media personality
- Wang Yi (pastor) (1973–)
- Wuzhun Shifan (1178–1249), Zen Buddhist monk
- Xu Yiyang (12 August 1997), singerWEB,www.soompi.com/article/898975wpp/smrookies-introduces-2-new-female-trainees, SMROOKIES Introduces 2 New Female Trainees, 19 September 2016, 14 March 2019,web.archive.org/web/20181112223341/https://www.soompi.com/article/898975wpp/smrookies-introduces-2-new-female-trainees, 12 November 2018, live,
- Xu Youyu, scholar
- Yang Xiong, poet, philosopher, and politician
- Y. C. James Yen (1890/1893–1990), educator
- Lucy Yi Zhenmei (1815–1862), Roman Catholic saint
- Yu Jie (1973–), Calvinist democracy activist
- Zhang Aiping, from Tongchuan District, Dazhou City, Vice Premier, State Councilor, and Minister of Defense
- Jane Zhang, singer and songwriter
- Zhang Lan, political activist
- Zhang Yong (restaurateur), Singapore’s richest man in 2019
- Zhao Yiman, resistance fighter
- Zheng Ji, nutritionist, and pioneering biochemist
- Zhu De, general, warlord, politician, and revolutionary
- Zhuo Wenjun, poet
- Zou Rong, revolutionary martyr
Sports
Professional sports teams in Sichuan include:- Chinese Basketball Association
- Chinese Super League
- Chinese Volleyball League
- China Table Tennis Super League
Sister states and regions
{{Div col}}- {{flagdeco|US}} Washington, United States (1982)
- {{flagdeco|US}} Michigan, United States (1982)
- {{flagdeco|Japan}} Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan (1984)
- {{flagdeco|Japan}} Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan (1985)
- {{flagdeco|North Korea}} South P’yÅngan, North Korea (1985)
- {{flagdeco|Malaysia}} Kedah, Malaysia (1985)
- {{flagdeco|France}} Midi-Pyrénées, France (1987)
- {{flagdeco|Germany}} North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (1988)
- {{flagdeco|UK}} Leicestershire, United Kingdom (1988)
- {{flagdeco|Italy}} Piedmont, Italy (1990)
- {{flagdeco|Brazil}} Pernambuco, Brazil (1992)
- {{flagdeco|Hungary}} Tolna County, Hungary (1993)
- {{flagdeco|Spain}} Valencian Community, Spain (1994)
- {{flagdeco|Belgium}} Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium (1995)
- {{flagdeco|Venezuela}} Barinas State, Venezuela (2001)
- {{flagdeco|Netherlands}} Friesland, Netherlands (2001)
- {{flagdeco|Kazakhstan}} Almaty Province, Kazakhstan (2001)
- {{flagdeco|RSA}} Mpumalanga, South Africa (2002)
- {{flagdeco|Thailand}} Suphan Buri, Thailand (2010)
- {{flagdeco|Australia}} Victoria, Australia (2015)
- {{flagdeco|Uruguay}} Lavalleja, Uruguay (2020)
See also
{{Div col}}- 2008 Sichuan earthquake
- Bashu culture
- Chronicles of Huayang
- Eight Immortals from Sichuan
- The Good Person of Szechwan
- List of prisons in Sichuan
- Major national historical and cultural sites (Sichuan)
- Qutang Gorge
- Sichuan Airlines
- Sichuan cuisine
- Sichuan dialect
- Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
Notes
{{Notelist}}{{NoteFoot}}References
{{Reflist}}External links
{{Commons and category|Sichuan}}{{Wikivoyage|Sichuan}}- {{Official websitewww.sc.gov.cn/10462/wza2012/english/english.shtml}}
- Economic profile for Sichuan at HKTDC
- Ancient silver coins of Sichuan
- {{OSM relation|913068}}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Sichuan" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:37am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
- "Sichuan" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:37am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 21 MAY 2024
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
CONNECT
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED