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Schools of Buddhism
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{{short description|Institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism}}{{buddhism}}File:Buddhika Sanjeewa - WFB - The World Fellowship of Buddhists 27th General Conference at Baoji, Beijing, China. - 03.jpg|thumb|Representatives from the three major modern Buddhist traditions, at the World Fellowship of BuddhistsWorld Fellowship of BuddhistsThe schools of Buddhism are the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism that have existed from ancient times up to the present. The classification and nature of various doctrinal, philosophical or cultural facets of the schools of Buddhism is vague and has been interpreted in many different ways, often due to the sheer number (perhaps thousands) of different sects, subsects, movements, etc. that have made up or currently make up the whole of Buddhist traditions. The sectarian and conceptual divisions of Buddhist thought are part of the modern framework of Buddhist studies, as well as comparative religion in Asia.From a largely English-language standpoint, and to some extent in most of Western academia, Buddhism is separated into two groups: TheravÄda ({{literally}} ‘the Teaching of the Elders’ or ‘the Ancient Teaching’), and MahÄyÄna ({{literally}} ‘the Great Vehicle’). The most common classification among scholars is threefold: TheravÄda, MahÄyÄna and VajrayÄna.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Classifications
File:Buddhism percent population in each nation World Map Buddhist data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|Percentage of Buddhists by country, according to the Pew Research CenterPew Research CenterIn contemporary Buddhist studies, modern Buddhism is often divided into three major branches, traditions or categories:Lee Worth Bailey, Emily Taitz (2005), Introduction to the World’s Major Religions: Buddhism, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 67.Mitchell, Scott A. (2016), Buddhism in America: Global Religion, Local Contexts, Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 87.Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, pp. 253â266.William H. Swatos (ed.) (1998) Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, Altamira Press, p. 66.- TheravÄda (“Teaching of the Elders“), also called “Southern Buddhism”, mainly dominant in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. This tradition generally focuses on the study of its main textual collection, the Pali Canon as well as other forms of Pali literature. The Pali language is thus its lingua franca and sacred language. This tradition is sometimes denominated as a part of Nikaya Buddhism, referring to the conservative Buddhist traditions in India who did not accept the Mahayana sutras into their Tripitaka collection of scriptures. It is also sometimes seen as the only surviving school out of the Early Buddhist schools, being derived from the Sthavira NikÄya via the Sri Lankan Mahavihara tradition.
- East Asian MahÄyÄna (“Great Vehicle“), East Asian Buddhism or “Eastern Buddhism”, prominent in East Asia and derived from the Chinese Buddhist traditions which began to develop during the Han Dynasty. This tradition focuses on the teachings found in MahÄyÄna sutras (which are not considered canonical or authoritative in TheravÄda), preserved in the Chinese Buddhist Canon, in the classical Chinese language. There are many schools and traditions, with different texts and focuses, such as Zen (Chan) and Pure Land (see below).
- VajrayÄna (”Vajra Vehicle“), also known as MantrayÄna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism. This category is mostly represented in “Northern Buddhism”, also called “Indo-Tibetan Buddhism” (or just “Tibetan Buddhism“), but also overlaps with certain forms of East Asian Buddhism (see: Shingon). It is prominent in Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim, and the Himalayan region as well as in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and the Russian republics of Buryatia, Kalmykia, and Tuva. It is sometimes considered to be a part of the broader category of MahÄyÄna Buddhism instead of a separate tradition.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} The main texts of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism are contained in the Kanjur and the Tenjur. Besides the study of major MahÄyÄna texts, this branch emphasizes the study of Buddhist tantric materials, mainly those related to the Buddhist tantras.
- TheravÄda Vinaya
- Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (East Asian Mahayana)
- MÅ«lasarvÄstivÄda Vinaya (Tibetan Buddhism)
Terminology
The terminology for the major divisions of Buddhism can be confusing, as Buddhism is variously divided by scholars and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and philosophical criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. The following terms may be encountered in descriptions of the major Buddhist divisions:- Conservative Buddhism: an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
- Early Buddhist schools: the schools into which Buddhism became divided in its first few centuries; only one of these, TheravÄda, survives as an independent school.
- East Asian Buddhism: a term used by scholarsB & G, Gethin, R & J, P & K to cover the Buddhist traditions of Japan, Korea, Vietnam and most of China and Southeast Asia
- Eastern Buddhism: an alternative name used by some scholarsPenguin, Harvey{{page needed|date=September 2010}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}} for East Asian Buddhism; also sometimes used to refer to all traditional forms of Buddhism, as distinct from Western(ized) forms.
- EkayÄna (one yana): Mahayana texts such as the Lotus Sutra and the Avatamsaka Sutra sought to unite all the different teachings into a single great way. These texts serve as the inspiration for using the term EkayÄna in the sense of “one vehicle”. This “one vehicle” became a key aspect of the doctrines and practices of Tiantai and Tendai Buddhist sects, which subsequently influenced Chán and Zen doctrines and practices. In Japan, the one-vehicle teaching of the Lotus Sutra also is also a main doctrine of Nichiren Buddhist sects. The Lotus Sutra has so much influence that meditation was replaced by chanting the Japanese words Namu Myoho Renge Kyo (“The Way of the Lotus Sutra“) in religious practice.
- Esoteric Buddhism: usually considered synonymous with “VajrayÄna”.Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 2, p. 440. New York, NY: Macmillan. Some scholars have applied the term to certain practices found within the TheravÄda, particularly in Cambodia.{{[}}no author cited{{]}} (1997). Indian Insights. London, UK: Luzac.{{page needed|date=September 2010}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}
- HÄ«nayÄna: literally meaning “lesser vehicle”. It is considered a controversial term when applied by the MahÄyÄna, to refer to the TheravÄda school, and as such is widely viewed as condescending and pejorative.{{efn|Hinayana (literally, “inferior way“) is a polemical term, which self-described MahÄyÄna (literally, “great way“) Buddhist literature uses to denigrate its opponents.BOOK, Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 2004, MacMillan Library Reference, 840, New York, NY, MacMillan, }} Moreover, HÄ«nayÄna refers to the now non-extant schools with limited set of views, practices, and results, prior to the development of the MahÄyÄna traditions. The term is currently most often used as a way of describing a stage on the path in Tibetan Buddhism, but is often mistakenly confused with the contemporary TheravÄda tradition, which is far more complex, diversified, and profound, than the literal and limiting definition attributed to HÄ«nayÄna.Ray, Reginald A (2000) Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism, p. 240 Its use in scholarly publications is now also considered controversial.{{efn|“The supposed Mahayana-Hinayana dichotomy is so prevalent in Buddhist literature, that it has yet fully to loosen its hold over scholarly representations of the religion”.}}
- Lamaism: synonymous with Tibetan Buddhism; an old term, sometimes still used, but widely considered derogatory.
- MahÄyÄna: a movement that emerged from early Buddhist schools, together with its later descendants, East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. VajrayÄna traditions are sometimes listed separately. The main use of the term in East Asian and Tibetan traditions is in reference to spiritual levels,Penguin Handbook{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} regardless of school.
- Mainstream Buddhism: a term used by some scholars for the early Buddhist schools.
- MantrayÄna: usually considered synonymous with VajrayÄna.Harvey, pp. 153ff The Tendai school in Japan has been described as influenced by Mantrayana.
- NavayÄna: (“new vehicle“) refers to the re-interpretation of Buddhism by modern Indian jurist and social reformer B. R. Ambedkar.BOOK, Gary Tartakov, Rowena Robinson, Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings,books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ, 2003, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-566329-7, 192â213, BOOK, Christopher Queen, Steven M. Emmanuel, A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy,books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ, 2015, John Wiley & Sons, 978-1-119-14466-3, 524â525,
- Newar Buddhism: a non-monastic, caste based Buddhism with patrilineal descent and Sanskrit texts.
- NikÄya Buddhism: a non-derogatory substitute term for Hinayana or the early Buddhist schools.
- Non-MahÄyÄna: an alternative term for the early Buddhist schools.
- Northern Buddhism: an alternative term used by some scholars{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} for Tibetan Buddhism. Also, an older term still sometimes used to encompass both East Asian and Tibetan traditions. It has even been used to refer to East Asian Buddhism alone, without Tibetan Buddhism.
- Secret Mantra: an alternative rendering of MantrayÄna, a more literal translation of the term used by schools in Tibetan Buddhism when referring to themselves.Hopkins, Jeffrey (1985) The Ultimate Deity in Action Tantra and Jung’s Warning against Identifying with the Deity Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 5, (1985), pp. 159â172
- Sectarian Buddhism: an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
- Southeast Asian Buddhism: an alternative name used by some scholarsR & J, P & K{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} for TheravÄda.
- Southern Buddhism: an alternative name used by some scholars{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} for TheravÄda.
- ÅrÄvakayÄna: an alternative term sometimes used for the early Buddhist schools.
- TantrayÄna or Tantric Buddhism: usually considered synonymous with “VajrayÄna”. However, one scholar describes the tantra divisions of some editions of the Tibetan scriptures as including ÅravakayÄna, MahÄyÄna and VajrayÄna textsSkilling, (1997). Mahasutras, volume II, Parts I & II, p. 78. Lancaster, UK: Pali Text Society (see Buddhist texts). Some scholars, particularly François Bizot,Crosby, Kate (2000). Tantric Theravada: A bibliographic essay on the writings of François Bizot and others on the yogvacara Tradition. [In] Contemporary Buddhism, 1:2, 141â198; doi:10.1080/14639940008573729. have used the term Tantric Theravada to refer to certain practices found particularly in Cambodia.
- TheravÄda: the Buddhism of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and parts of Vietnam, China, India, and Malaysia. It is the only surviving representative of the historical early Buddhist schools. The term TheravÄda is also sometimes used to refer to all of the early Buddhist schools.Encyclopedia of Religion, volume 2, Macmillan, New York, 1987, pp. 440ff; Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, sv Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism: usually understood as including the Buddhism of Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan, and parts of China, India, and Russia, which follow the Tibetan tradition.
- VajrayÄna: a movement that developed out of Indian MahÄyÄna, together with its later descendants. There is some disagreement on exactly which traditions fall into this category. Tibetan Buddhism is universally recognized as falling under this heading; many also include the Japanese Shingon school. Some scholarsHarvey{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}{{full citation needed|date=March 2021}} also apply the term to the Korean milgyo tradition, which is not a separate school. One scholar says, “Despite the efforts of generations of Buddhist thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the Vajrayana apart.“Lopez, Buddhism in Practice, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 6
- Early Buddhist schools: the schools into which Buddhism became divided in its first few centuries; only one of these, TheravÄda, survives as an independent school.
Early schools
{{See also|Pre-sectarian Buddhism}}The early Buddhist schools or mainstream sects refers to the sects into which the Indian Buddhist monastic saá¹ gha split. They are also called the Nikaya Buddhist schools, Ezhuthupally, and in Mahayana Buddhism they are referred to either as the ÅrÄvaka (disciple) schools or Hinayana (inferior) schools.Most scholars now believe that the first schism was originally caused by differences in vinaya (monastic rule).BOOK, Harvey, Peter, 2013, An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history, and practices, 2nd, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, {{rp|pages=88â90}} Later splits were also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separation.The first schism separated the community into two groups, the Sthavira (Elders) Nikaya and the MahÄsÄá¹ghika (Great Community). Most scholars hold that this probably occurred after the time of Ashoka.BOOK, Cox, Collett, 1995, Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist theories on existence, Tokyo, JP, The Institute for Buddhist Studies, 23, 4-906267-36-X, Out of these two main groups later arose many other sects or schools.From the Sthaviras arose the SarvÄstivÄda sects, the VibhajyavÄdins, the Theravadins, the Dharmaguptakas and the PudgalavÄda sects.The SarvÄstivÄda school, popular in northwest India and Kashmir, focused on Abhidharma teachings.Westerhoff, Jan (2018). The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, pp. 60â61. Their name means “the theory that all exists” which refers to one of their main doctrines, the view that all dharmas exist in the past, present and in the future. This is an eternalist theory of time.Kalupahana, David (n/d). A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities, p. 128. Over time, the SarvÄstivÄdins became divided into various traditions, mainly the VaibhÄá¹£ika (who defended the orthodox “all exists” doctrine in their Abhidharma compendium called the MahÄvibhÄá¹£a ÅÄstra), the SautrÄntika (who rejected the VaibhÄá¹£ika orthodoxy) and the MÅ«lasarvÄstivÄda.The PudgalavÄda sects (also known as VÄtsÄ«putrÄ«yas) were another group of Sthaviras which were known for their unique doctrine of the pudgala (person). Their tradition was founded by the elder VÄtsÄ«putra circa 3rd century BCE.Williams, Paul (2005). Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; TheravÄda doctrine, vol. 2, p. 86, Taylor & Francis.The VibhajyavÄdins were conservative Sthaviras who did not accept the doctrines of either the SarvÄstivÄda or the PudgalavÄda. In Sri Lanka, a group of them became known as Theravada, the only one of these sects that survives to the present day. Another sect which arose from the VibhajyavÄdins were the Dharmaguptakas. This school was influential in spreading Buddhism to Central Asia and to China. Their Vinaya is still used in East Asian Buddhism.The MahÄsÄá¹ghikas also split into various sub groups. One of these were the LokottaravÄdins (Transcendentalists), so called because of their doctrine which saw every action of the Buddha, even mundane ones like eating, as being of a supramundane and transcendental nature. One of the few MahÄsÄá¹ghika texts which survive, the MahÄvastu, is from this school. Another sub-sect which emerged from the MahÄsÄá¹ghika was called the Caitika. They were concentrated in Andhra Pradesh and in South India. Some scholars such as A.K. Warder hold that many important Mahayana sutras originated among these groups.Warder, A.K. (2000). Indian Buddhism, p. 313 Another MahÄsÄá¹ghika sect was named PrajñaptivÄda. They were known for the doctrine that viewed all conditioned phenomena as being mere concepts (Skt. prajñapti).Harris, Ian Charles (1991). The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism, p. 98According to the Indian philosopher Paramartha, a further split among the MahÄsÄá¹ghika occurred with the arrival of the Mahayana sutras. Some sub-schools, such as the Kukkuá¹ikas, did not accept the Mahayana sutras as being word of the Buddha, whole others, like the LokottaravÄdins, did accept them.Sree, Padma; Barber, Anthony, W. (2008). Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra, p. 68.Although there are differences in the historical records as to the exact composition of the various schools of early Buddhism, a hypothetical combined list would be as follows:{|width=“100%”
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TheravÄda
(File:Tipitaka2.jpg|thumb|right|270px|The Tipitaka (Pali Canon), in a Thai Style book case. The Pali Tipitaka is the doctrinal foundation of all major TheravÄda sects today)TheravÄda is the only extant mainstream non-Mahayana school. They are derived from the Sri Lankan MahÄvihÄra sect, which was a branch of the South Indian VibhajjavÄdins. TheravÄda bases its doctrine on the PÄli Canon, the only complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language. This language is PÄli, which serves as the school’s sacred language and lingua franca.Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, p. 2.The different sects and groups in TheravÄda often emphasize different aspects (or parts) of the PÄli canon and the later commentaries (especially the very influential Visuddhimagga), or differ in the focus on and recommended way of practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the Vinaya Pitaka, the TheravÄdin Vinaya followed by monastics of this tradition.The various divisions in TheravÄda include:- Indian TheravÄda (mostly historical, although revived in the modern period partly through the Vipassana movement)
- Sri Lankan TheravÄda
- AmarapuraâRÄmañña NikÄya
- Delduwa
- Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
- Tapovana (or Kalyanavamsa)
- Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
- Siam Nikaya
- Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
- AmarapuraâRÄmañña NikÄya
- Burmese TheravÄda
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- VipassanÄ tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Shwegyin Nikaya
- Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya (see Mendelson, Sangha and State in Burma, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975)
- Hngettwin Nikaya
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Thai TheravÄda
- Maha Nikaya
- Dhammakaya Movement
- Mahasati meditation (mindfulness meditation)
- Thammayut Nikaya
- Thai Forest Tradition, focused on monastic living in the wilderness
- Santi Asoke, a recent reform movement
- Maha Nikaya
- Cambodian TheravÄda
- Tantric Theravada, includes many esoteric elements not present in classic TheravÄda
- Vietnamese TheravÄda
- Laotian TheravÄda
- Dai TheravÄda in China
- Bangladeshi TheravÄda
- Nepalese TheravÄda
- Vipassana movement, a strongly lay focused meditation based movement, popular in the West (where it is also known as “Insight Meditation“)
- Western TheravÄda Buddhism
MahÄyÄna schools
Indian MahÄyÄna Buddhism
File:Nagardjuna.jpg|thumb|NagarjunaNagarjunaMahÄyÄna (Great Vehicle) Buddhism is category of traditions which focus on the bodhisattva path and affirm texts known as MahÄyÄna sutras. These texts are seen by modern scholars as dating as far back as the 1st century BCE.Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). Indian Buddhism: p. 335. Unlike Theravada and other early schools, MahÄyÄna schools generally hold that there are currently many Buddhas which are accessible, and that they are transcendental or supramundane beings.Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Routledge, 2008, p. 21.In India, there were two major traditions of MahÄyÄna Buddhist philosophy. The earliest was the MÄdhyamaka (“Middle Way“), also known as the ÅÅ«nyavÄda (“Emptiness“) school. This tradition followed the works of the philosopher NÄgÄrjuna ({{circa|150}}â{{circa|250 CE}}). Two subsects of the Madhyamaka school that developed were the Svatantrika, founded by the 6th-century Indian philosopher BhÄviveka, and the Prasangika, founded by Chandrakirti and later advanced by Je Tsongkhapa, 14th-century founder of the Gelug sect in Tibet.The other major school of Indian Mahayana was the YogÄcÄra (“yoga practice“) school, also known as the VijñÄnavÄda (“the doctrine of consciousness“), VijñaptivÄda (“the doctrine of ideas or percepts“), or CittamÄtra (“mind-only“) school, founded by Asanga in the 4th century AD. Some scholars also note that the compilers of the TathÄgatagarbha texts constitute a third “school” of Indian MahÄyÄna.Kiyota, M. (1985). TathÄgatagarbha thought: A basis of Buddhist devotionalism in east Asia. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 207â231. This movement heavily influenced East Asian and Tibetan Mahayana schools such as the Dashabhumika, Huayan, Tiantai, Jonang, Nichiren and Zen sects, as did both Madhyamaka and Yogacara.East Asian Mahayana
East Asian Buddhism or East Asian Mahayana refers to the schools that developed in East Asia and use the Chinese Buddhist canon. It is a major religion in China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. East Asian Buddhists constitute the numerically largest body of Buddhist traditions in the world, numbering over half of the world’s Buddhists.Pew Research Center, Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists.BOOK, Johnson, Todd M., Grim, Brian J., The World’s Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography,media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf, 2 September 2013, 2013, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, 34, bot: unknown,media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20131020100448media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20131020100448media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf, 20 October 2013, East Asian Mahayana began to develop in China during the Han dynasty (when Buddhism was first introduced from Central Asia). It is thus influenced by Chinese culture and philosophy.Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, OUP Oxford, 1998, p. 257. East Asian Mahayana developed new, uniquely Asian interpretations of Buddhist texts and focused on the study of sutras.Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Taylor & Francis, 2008, P. 129.East Asian Buddhist monastics generally follow the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya.Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, OUP Oxford, 1998, p. 260Main sects
- Chinese Buddhism (Buddhism in contemporary China is characterized by institutional fluidity between schools) WEB,www.buddhistdoor.net/features/buddhism-in-china-today-an-adaptable-present-a-hopeful-future, Buddhism in China Today: An Adaptable Present, a Hopeful Future, 2020-06-01, .
- Jingtu (Pure Land)
- Guanyin Buddhism (Syncretized with Chinese folk religion and Taoism)
- LüzongWEB,www.shengyen.org/e_content/content/about/about_04_06.aspx, æ³é¼å±±èå´æ³å¸«æ¸ä½å ¸è, 2013-07-29, dead,www.shengyen.org/e_content/content/about/about_04_06.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20130528023559www.shengyen.org/e_content/content/about/about_04_06.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20130528023559www.shengyen.org/e_content/content/about/about_04_06.aspx, 2013-05-28, . (Vinaya school)
- Chengshi (Satyasiddhi, historical)
- Kosa (AbhidharmakoÅa, historical)
- Sanlun (“Three Treatises” school, MÄdhyamaka)
- Weishi or Faxiang school (YogÄcÄra, historical)
- Shelun (based on Asanga’s Summary of the Mahayana, historical)
- Niepan (Tathagatagarbha â based on the Nirvana Sutra, historical)
- Dilun (DaÅabhÅ«mikÄ â absorbed into Huayan)
- Tiantai (Lotus school)
- Huayan (Avatamsaka school)
- Chan (Zen)
- Sanjiejiao (historical)
- Oxhead school (historical)
- East Mountain Teaching (historical)
- Zhenyan (“True Word”, Esoteric Buddhism)
- Vietnamese Buddhism (Traditions are generally syncretized in Vietnam, rather than existing as distinct schools)
- Tá»nh Äá» (Pure Land)
- Thiên Thai (Tiantai)
- Hoa Nghiêm (Huayen)
- Thiá»n (Zen)
- Lâm Tế (Linji school)
- Tà o Äá»ng (Caodong school)
- Trúc Lâm (Syncretized with Taoism, Vietnamese folk religion and Confucianism)
- Plum Village Tradition (Engaged Buddhism)
- Äạo Bá»u SÆ¡n Kỳ HÆ°Æ¡ng (Millenarian movement)
- Tứ Ãn Hiếu NghÄ©a (Reformist movement)
- Hòa Hảo (Reformist movement)
- Åaiva-Mahayana in Southeast Asia (historical, syncretized with Hinduism)
- Korean Buddhism
- Tongbulgyo (Interpenetrated Buddhism â including Jeongto, or Pure Land)
- Gyeyul (Vinaya school â historical)
- Samnon (MÄdhyamaka â historical)
- Beopsang (YogÄcÄra â historical)
- Yeolban (Nirvana â historical)
- Wonyung (Avatamsaka â historical)
- Cheontae (Tiantai)
- Hwaeom (Huayen â absorbed into Jogye Order)
- Seon (Zen)
- Wonbulgyo (Korean Reformed Buddhism)
- Jingak Order (Shingon syncretized with Humanistic Buddhism)
- Japanese Buddhism
- Risshū (Vinaya school)
- Jojitsu (Satyasiddhi â historical, syncretized with Sanron)
- Kusha (AbhidharmakoÅa â historical, syncretized with HossÅ)
- Sanron (MÄdhyamaka â historical)
- HossÅ (YogÄcÄra)
- Kegon (Huayen syncretized with Shingon)
- MikkyÅ (Esoteric)
- SÅtÅ (Caodong school)
- Åbaku (Linji school syncretized with Jingtu)
- Sanbo Kyodan (SÅtÅ syncretized with Rinzai)
Esoteric schools
{{See also|VajrayÄna}}(File:Indian Adept (siddha) - (multiple figures)18th century Boston MFA.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Indian Buddhist Mahasiddhas, 18th century, Boston MFA.)Esoteric Buddhism, also known as VajrayÄna, MantrayÄna, TantrayÄna, Secret Mantra, and Tantric Buddhism is often placed in a separate category by scholars due to its unique tantric features and elements. Esoteric Buddhism arose and developed in medieval India among esoteric adepts known as MahÄsiddhas. Esoteric Buddhism maintains its own set of texts alongside the classic scriptures, these esoteric works are known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas.Main Esoteric Buddhist traditions include:- Indian Esoteric Buddhism (Historical)
- Newar Esoteric Buddhism
- Ari Buddhism (Historical)
- Tantric Theravada
- Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
- Philippine Esoteric Buddhism
- Azhaliism
- Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the most widespread of these traditions, is practiced in Tibet, parts of North India and Siberia, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Mongolia. Monastics of this tradition generally follow the Mulasarvastivada Vinaya.
- Sakya
- Bodong
- Jonang
- Tibetan Pure Land
- Rimé movement (Non-sectarian)
- Mongolian Buddhism
- Bhutanese Buddhism
- Indian Tibetan Buddhism
- Newar Buddhism (Nepal)
- Chinese Esoteric Buddhism (zhenyan, çè¨)
- Korean Esoteric Buddhism (milgyo, å¯æ)
- Jingak Order (Shingon syncretized with Humanistic Buddhism)
- Japanese Esoteric Buddhism (mikkyÅ, å¯æ)
- Tendai (Zhenyan syncretized with Tiantai, Jingtu, Lüzong and Oxhead school)
- Shingon (Zhenyan)
- KÅyasan Shingon-shÅ«
- Shingon Risshu (Syncretized with Risshū)
- Shingon-shu Buzan-ha
- Shingon-shū Chizan-ha
- Shinnyo-en
- Shugendo (Syncretized with Shinto, Taoism and OnmyÅdÅ)
- Kegon (Huayan syncretized with Shingon)
- Western VajrayÄna Buddhism
New Buddhist movements
File:Dr. Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion.jpg|thumb| B. R. Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion, DeekshabhoomiDeekshabhoomimissing image!
- Taixu Standing.jpeg -
Taixu, the founder of Chinese Humanistic Buddhism
Various Buddhist new religious movements arose in the 20th century, including the following. - Taixu Standing.jpeg -
Taixu, the founder of Chinese Humanistic Buddhism
- Agon Shu
- Aum Shinrikyo
- Buddhist modernism
- Coconut Religion
- Dhammakaya Movement
- Diamond Way
- Dobokai
- Engaged Buddhism
- Forshang Buddhism World Center
- Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT)
- Gedatsukai
- Guanyin Famen
- Hòa Hảo
- Ho No Hana
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Jingak Order
- Kwan Um School of Zen
- Navayana (“New Way“), also known as Dalit Buddhist movement, and “Ambedkarite” Buddhism
- New Kadampa Tradition
- Nichiren-based modern lay movements
- PL Kyodan
- Rimé movement
- Rulaizong
- Sanbo Kyodan
- Santi Asoke
- Shambhala Buddhism
- Share International
- Shinnyo-en
- Tibbetibaba
- Triratna Buddhist Community
- True Buddha School
- Vipassana movement
- Western Buddhism
- Won Buddhism
See also
- History of Buddhism
- GandhÄran Buddhist texts
- Index of Buddhism-related articles
- Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism
- Perfection of Wisdom School
- Buddha-nature School
Notes
{{Notelist}}Other notes
{{reflist|group=note}}References
{{Reflist|25em}}Further reading
- Bhikkhu Sujato (2007). Sects and sectarianism: the origins of Buddhist schools, Taipei, Taiwan: Buddha Educational Foundation; revised edidion: Santipada 2012
- Dutt, N. (1998). Buddhist Sects in India. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). A Handbook of Tibetan Culture. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.. {{ISBN|1-57062-002-4}}.
- Warder, A.K. (1970). Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
External links
- The Sects of the Buddhists by T. W. Rhys Davids, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891. pp. 409â422
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