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}}| image_size = ! style="width:20%;"| English Name! style="width:10%;"| Simplified! style="width:15%;"| Pinyin! style="width:15%;"| POJ! style="width:10%;"| Area (km2)! style="width:10%;"| Population (2010){{in lang|zh}} Compilation by Lianxin website. Data from the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325041911weblink |date=25 March 2012 }}WEB, China: Administrative Division of Fújiàn / 福建省, citypopulation.de,weblink 2014-12-31,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150318183026weblink">weblink 2015-03-18, live, ! style="width:10%;"| Density (per km2)| Fengze District| Quangang District| Hui'an County| Anxi County| Yongchun County| Dehua County bgcolor="lightblue"

Clockwise from top: Old City of Quanzhou, Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway over the {{ill>East Creek (Jin River)

zh|东溪 (晋江支流)}}, Quanzhou Worker's Cultural Palace, Luoyang Bridge and Chaotian Gate.

frame=yes

type=shape

stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7}}| image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map1 = Locator map Quanzhou in Fujian (claimed hatched).svg| mapsize = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = China Fujian#China| pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Administered by| subdivision_name = People's Republic of China| subdivision_type1 = Claimed by| subdivision_name1 = Republic of China

Province of China>PRC Province| subdivision_name2 = Fujian

Free Area of the Republic of China>ROC Province

Fuchien Province, Republic of China>Fuchien| seat_type = Municipal seat| seat = Fengze District| parts_type = | parts_style = | parts = | p1 = | p2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = CPC Secretary| leader_name = Kang Tao| leader_title1 = Mayor| leader_name1 = Wang Yongli| leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = | named_for = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 11,218.91 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 872.4| area_metro_km2 = 4,274.5| area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | population_as_of = 2020 census

DATE=AUGUST 2021

ISBN=978-7-5037-9510-7

ACCESS-DATE=2021-12-23

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220301202126/HTTP://TJJ.FUJIAN.GOV.CN/TONGJINIANJIAN/DZ2021/INDEX.HTM, | demographics2_title1 = Prefecture-level city

Renminbi>CNÂ¥ 1.016 trillionUS$ 147.3 billion| demographics2_title2 = Per capita| demographics2_info2 = CNÂ¥ 115,768US$ 18,180

China Standard Time>CST| utc_offset = +8| coor_pinpoint = Quanzhou municipal government

24.8744

118.6757

type:adm2nd_region:CN-35_source:Gaode

display=it}}

Postal code of China>Postal code| postal_code = 362000| area_code = 0595

CN-FJ-05)

Licence plates of the People's Republic of China>License Plate Prefixes

Chinese language>Local Dialect| blank5_info = Hokkien/Min Nan: Quanzhou dialect

www.quanzhou.gov.cn}}

embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China | designation1_date = 2021 (44th session) | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = iv | designation1_number = 1561 | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = China }}}} Quanzhou is a prefecture-level port city on the north bank of the Jin River, beside the Taiwan Strait in southern Fujian, People's Republic of China.{{efn|The PRC also claims Kinmen County as part of Quanzhou, but it is administered by the Republic of China (ROC) as part of its Fuchien Province.}} It is Fujian's largest most populous metropolitan region, with an area of {{convert|11,245|km2|sp=us}} and a population of 8,782,285 as of the 2020 census. Its built-up area is home to 6,669,711 inhabitants, encompassing the Licheng, Fengze, and Luojiang urban districts; Jinjiang, Nan'an, and Shishi cities; Hui'an County; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Quanzhou was China's 12th-largest extended metropolitan area in 2010.Quanzhou was China's major port for foreign traders, who knew it as Zaiton,{{efn|Zaiton's identification with Quanzhou was controversial in the 19th century, with some scholars preferring to associate Polo and Ibn Battuta's great port with the much more attractive harbor at Xiamen on a variety of pretexts. The Chinese records are, however, clear as to Quanzhou's former status and the earlier excellence of its harbor, which slowly silted up over the centuries. Alternative spellings include Zeiton and Zaytun.}} during the 11th through 14th centuries. It was visited by both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta; both travelers praised it as one of the most prosperous and glorious cities in the world. It was the naval base from which the Mongol attacks on Japan and Java were primarily launched and a cosmopolitan center with Buddhist and Hindu temples, Islamic mosques, and Christian churches, including a Catholic cathedral and Franciscan friaries. A failed revolt prompted a massacre of the city's foreign communities in 1357. Economic dislocations—including piracy and an imperial overreaction to it during the Ming and Qing—reduced its prosperity, with Japanese trade shifting to Ningbo and Zhapu and other foreign trade restricted to Guangzhou. Quanzhou became an opium-smuggling center in the 19th century but the siltation of its harbor hindered trade by larger ships.Because of its importance for medieval maritime commerce, unique mix of religious buildings, and extensive archeological remains, "{{ill|Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China|lt=|zh|泉州：宋元中国的世界海洋商贸中心}}" was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021.WEB,weblink Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 22 August 2021, {{anchor|Etymology|Name}} Names Quanzhou (also known as Zayton or Zaiton in British and American historical sources) is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name }}, using its pronunciation in the Mandarin dialect. The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Quan ("Spring") Prefecture. Ch'üan-chou was the Wade-Giles romanization of the same name;{{sfnp|EB|1911}}BOOK, The Cambridge History of China, VI, Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, 0, Cambridge, England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, BOOK, Long, So Kee, Long So Kee, Financial Crisis and Local Economy: Ch'üan-chou in the Thirteenth Century, T'oung Pao, No. 77, 1991, 119–37, other forms include Chwanchow-foo,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Chwan-chau fu, Chwanchew, Ts'üan-chou, Tswanchow-foo,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Tswanchau,{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=617}} T'swan-chau fu, Ts'wan-chiu,{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=233}} Ts'wan-chow-fu, Thsiouan-tchéou-fou, and Thsíouan-chéou-fou.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The romanizations Chuan-chiu, Choan-Chiu,BOOK, Pitcher, Philip Wilson, Fifty Years in Amoy or A History of the Amoy Mission, China, New York, 1893, Reformed Church in America, 9785871498194,weblink 33, and Shanju{{refn|Abulfeda, Geography, recorded by Cordier.}} reflect the local Hokkien pronunciation.The Postal Map name of the city was "Chinchew",Postal Atlas of China. a variant of Chincheo, the Portuguese and Spanish transcription of the local Hokkien name for Zhangzhou,{{efn|Zhangzhou itself is named for its former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Zhang River Prefecture.}} the major Fujianese port trading with Macao and Manila in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} It is uncertain when or why British sailors first applied the name to Quanzhou.Its Arabic name ZaitonENCYCLOPEDIA, Zaiton, Allaire, Gloria,weblink Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia, John Block Friedman, Kristen Mossler Figg, 0, Scott D. Westrem, Gregory G. Guzman, Routledge, Abingdon, 2000, 9781135590949, or "Zayton"JOURNAL, Goodrich, L. Carrington, Recent Discoveries at Zayton, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 77, 1957, 77, 161–5, 10.2307/596349, 596349, (), once popular in English, means "[City] of Olives" and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese nickname Citong Cheng meaning "tung-tree city", which is derived from the avenues of oil-bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao.{{harvp|Schottenhammer|2010|p=145}}BOOK, Stephen G., Haw, Psychology Press, 2006, 0-415-34850-1, Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan, 3, Routledge studies in the early history of Asia,weblink 121, Variant transcriptions from the Arabic name include Caiton,{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=234}} Çaiton, Çayton, Zaytún,{{harvp|Gibb|1929|p=8}} Zaitûn,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Zaitún, and Zaitūn. The etymology of satin derives from "Zaitun". {{refn|As in the Encyclopædia Britannica{{sfnp|EB|1878}} and in Tellier.BOOK, Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective, Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009), 2009, University of Quebec Press, Quebec,weblink 221, 978-2-7605-1588-8, 2015-12-16,weblink 2015-09-24, live, }}WEB,weblinkweblink dead, 29 October 2020, Satin {{!, Meaning of Satin by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}WEB,weblink Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française {{!, 9e édition {{!}} satin|website=Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française}} Geography Quanzhou proper lies on a split of land between the estuaries of the Jin River and Luoyang River as they flow into {{ill|Quanzhou Bay|zh|泉州湾}} on the Taiwan Strait. Its surrounding prefecture extends west halfway across the province and is hilly and mountainous. Along with Xiamen and Zhangzhou to its south and Putian to its north, it makes up Fujian Province's Southern Coast region. In its mountainous interior, it borders Longyan to the southwest and Sanming to the northwest. Climate The city features a humid subtropical climate. Quanzhou has four distinct seasons. Its moderate temperature ranges from 0 to 38 degrees Celsius. In summer, there are typhoons that bring rain and some damage to the city.{{Weather box|width=auto|metric first=y|single line=y |collapsed = Y|location = Quanzhou (Jinjiang, Fujian, 1991–2020 normals)|Jan high C = 16.8|Feb high C = 17.3|Mar high C = 19.6|Apr high C = 23.8|May high C = 27.3|Jun high C = 30.0|Jul high C = 32.7|Aug high C = 32.5|Sep high C = 31.0|Oct high C = 27.4|Nov high C = 23.6|Dec high C = 19.0|Jan mean C = 12.9|Feb mean C = 13.2|Mar mean C = 15.5|Apr mean C = 19.8|May mean C = 23.6|Jun mean C = 26.7|Jul mean C = 28.8|Aug mean C = 28.6|Sep mean C = 27.1|Oct mean C = 23.6|Nov mean C = 19.8|Dec mean C = 15.2|Jan low C = 10.4|Feb low C = 10.7|Mar low C = 12.8|Apr low C = 17.0|May low C = 21.0|Jun low C = 24.4|Jul low C = 26.1|Aug low C = 25.9|Sep low C = 24.5|Oct low C = 20.8|Nov low C = 17.2|Dec low C = 12.6|precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 44.2|Feb precipitation mm = 72.7|Mar precipitation mm = 96.7|Apr precipitation mm = 106.4|May precipitation mm = 180.9|Jun precipitation mm = 206.2|Jul precipitation mm = 126.8|Aug precipitation mm = 193.1|Sep precipitation mm = 120.0|Oct precipitation mm = 48.4|Nov precipitation mm = 42.2|Dec precipitation mm = 43.5|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 6.9|Feb precipitation days = 9.7|Mar precipitation days = 13.4|Apr precipitation days = 12.9|May precipitation days = 14.5|Jun precipitation days = 13.8|Jul precipitation days = 8.8|Aug precipitation days = 11.1|Sep precipitation days = 8.1|Oct precipitation days = 3.6|Nov precipitation days = 4.9|Dec precipitation days = 6.3|year precipitation days = |Jan humidity = 70|Feb humidity = 74|Mar humidity = 75|Apr humidity = 76|May humidity = 79|Jun humidity = 83|Jul humidity = 78|Aug humidity = 78|Sep humidity = 73|Oct humidity = 66|Nov humidity = 68|Dec humidity = 67|Jan sun = 138.0|Feb sun = 113.0|Mar sun = 124.4|Apr sun = 142.7|May sun = 156.3|Jun sun = 180.7|Jul sun = 265.1|Aug sun = 229.5|Sep sun = 202.5|Oct sun = 199.4|Nov sun = 157.5|Dec sun = 146.7|year sun = | Jan percentsun = 41| Feb percentsun = 35| Mar percentsun = 33| Apr percentsun = 37| May percentsun = 38| Jun percentsun = 44| Jul percentsun = 64| Aug percentsun = 58| Sep percentsun = 55| Oct percentsun = 56| Nov percentsun = 48| Dec percentsun = 45| year percentsun =

China Meteorological AdministrationHTTP://DATA.CMA.CN/DATA/WEATHERBK.HTML

PUBLISHER=CHINA METEOROLOGICAL ADMINISTRATION

ACCESS-DATE=22 SEPTEMBER 2023, WEB,weblink zh:中国气象数据网, China Meteorological Administration, zh-hans, 22 September 2023, Experience Template, }} Earthquakes Major earthquakes have been experienced in 1394{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}} and on 29 December 1604.{{full citation needed|date=April 2020}} History File:Quanzhou Qingyuan Shan 20120301-07.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Mount Qingyuan LaoziLaozi Early history {{ill|Wang Guoqing|lt=|zh|王国庆 (隋朝)}} () used the area as a base of operations for the Chen State before he was subdued by the Sui general Yang Su in the AD{{nbsp}}590s.BOOK, Yang Su 楊素 (544–606), zi Chudao 處道,weblink 1831, Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature, III, David R. Knechtges, Chang Taiping, 0, 2014, Leiden, Brill, 9789004271852, Quanzhou proper was established under the Tang in 718 on a spit of land between two branches of the Jin River.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Muslim traders reached the city early on in its existence, along with their existing trade at Guangzhou and Yangzhou.{{harvp|Schottenhammer|2010|p=117}} Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (File:Map of Fujian, 957 Eng.png|thumb|Map of Qingyuan Circuit|left)(File:Later Zhou.png|thumb|300px|left|Map showing the location of Qingyuan Circuit)In the early period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Quanzhou was a part of Min state. After Min was destroyed by the Southern Tang, the Qingyuan Circuit rose up in the original southern territory of Min. The Qingyuan Circuit was a de facto independent entity that lasted 29 years (949-978) with 4 rulers. Its territory included present-day southern Fujian and Putian, with Quanzhou as its capital. Its founder, Liu Congxiao, the Prince of Jinjiang and Jiedushi (military governor) of Qingyuan Circuit, vigorously expanded overseas trade and city development. Erythrina trees were planted throughout Quanzhou city, so Quanzhou was called Erythrina City.WEB,weblink 留晓宏："晋江王"留从效后人，面朝开元寺春暖花开, 2019-06-08, 2021-03-03,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210303114717weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink 乾德年间（963〜968年）, 2020-09-26, 2019-02-23,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190223173621weblink">weblink live, In 964, the circuit was renamed the Pinghai Circuit. In 978, Chen Hongjin, the Jiedushi of Pinghai Circuit, was forced to surrender to the Northern Song to avoid war and ravage.风雨江山三百年：两宋白话史 Song dynasty Already connected to inland Fujian by roads and canals, Quanzhou grew to international importance in the first century of the Northern Song.BOOK, Von Glahn, Richard, The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century, 7 March 2016, 9781316538852,weblink 394, Cambridge University Press, It received an office of the maritime trade bureau (shibosi, 市舶司) in 1079BOOK, Qi, Xia, Qi Xia, 1999, Economy of the Song Dynasty, zh:漆侠中国经济通史：宋代经济卷, 7-80127-462-8, 1175–78, {{in lang|zh}} or 1087{{sfnp|Wade|2015|p=81}} and functioned as the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road into the Yuan, eclipsing both the overland trade routesBOOK, Ye, Yiliang, Ye Yiliang, Kauz, Ralph, 0,weblink 5, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2010, Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, East Asian Maritime History, 10, 9783447061032, Introductory Essay: Outline of the Political Relations between Oman (Thailand) and China, and Guangzhou. A 1095 inscription records two convoys, each of twenty ships, arriving from the Southern Seas each year. Quanzhou's maritime trade developed the area's ceramics, sugar, alcohol, and salt industries. Ninety per cent of Fujian's ceramic production at the time was jade-colored celadon, produced for export.BOOK, Pearson, Richard, Li Min, Li Guo, Port, City, and Hinterlands: Archaeological Perspectives on Quanzhou and its Overseas Trade,weblink 192, Angela, Schottenhammer, 0, Brill, 2001, 90-04-11773-3, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, Sinica Leidensia, 49, 2015-12-16,weblink 2016-05-08, live, Frankincense was such a coveted import that promotions for the trade superintendents at Guangzhou and Quanzhou were tied to the amount they were able to bring in during their terms in office.{{harvp|Schottenhammer|2010|p=130}} During this period it was one of the world's largest and most cosmopolitan seaports.{{efn|Among other testaments to this age are tombstones which have been found written in Chinese, Arabic, Syriac, and Latin.}} By 1120, its prefecture claimed a population of around 500,000.BOOK, Bowman, John, Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, China, 5 September 2000,weblink 32, Columbia University Press, 9780231500043, Its Luoyang Bridge was formerly the most celebrated bridge in China{{sfnp|EB|1878}} and the 12th century Anping Bridge is also well known.File:Southeast Asia trade route map XIIcentury.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Trade routes in Southeast AsiaSoutheast AsiaQuanzhou initially continued to thrive under the Southern Song. A 1206 report listed merchants from Arabia, Iran, the Indian subcontinent, Sumatra, Cambodia, Brunei, Java, Champa, Burma, Anatolia, Korea, Japan and the city-states of the Philippines. One of its customs inspectors, Zhao Rugua, completed his compendious Description of Barbarian Nations {{circa|lk=no|1225}}, recording the people, places, and items involved in China's foreign trade in his age. Other imperial records from the time use it as the zero mile for distances between China and foreign countries. Tamil merchants carved idols of Vishnu and ShivaBOOK, Chow, Chung-wah, Chow Chung-wah, 7 September 2012, Quanzhou: China's Forgotten Historic Port,weblink CNN Travel, Atlanta, and constructed Hindu temples in Quanzhou.NEWS, Krishnan, Ananth, 19 July 2013, Behind China's Hindu temples, a Forgotten History,weblink The Hindu, AV MEDIA, 18 July 2013, China's Hindu Temples: A Forgotten History,weblink The Hindu, YouTube, 11 September 2017,weblink 10 March 2016, live, Over the course of the 13th century, however, Quanzhou's prosperity declined due to instability among its trading partners and increasing restrictions introduced by the Southern Song in an attempt to restrict the outflow of copper and bronze currency from areas forced to use hyperinflating paper money.BOOK, Schottenhammer, Angela,weblink 153 ff, The Role of Metals and the Impact of the Introduction of Huizi Paper Notes in Quanzhou on the Development of Maritime Trade in the Song Period, Angela, Schottenhammer, 0, Brill, 2001, 90-04-11773-3, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, Sinica Leidensia, 49, The increasing importance of Japan to China's foreign trade also benefited Ningbonese merchants at Quanzhou's expense, given their extensive contacts with Japan's major ports on Hakata Bay on Kyushu. Yuan dynasty In 1277 under the Mongolian Yuan dynasty a superintendent of foreign trade was established in the city.BOOK, Wade, Geoff, Chinese Engagement with the Indian Ocean during the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties (Tenth to Sixteenth Centuries), 72, Trade, Circulation, and Flow in the Indian Ocean World, Michael, Pearson, 2015, Palgrave Macmillan, 9781137566249, The superintendent Pu Shougeng was MuslimBOOK, Wade, Geoff, Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past, 2012, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 9789814311960, Geoff Wade, Singapore, 131, Li Tana, and used his contacts to restore the city's trade under its new rulers. He was broadly successful, restoring much of the port's former greatness.{{sfnp|Wade|2015|p=73}} His office became hereditary to his descendants.Into the 1280s Quanzhou sometimes served as the provincial capital for Fujian.{{efn|It was considered so important by the Jesuits that they sometimes called all of Fujian .{{sfnp|EB|1878}} In 1515 Giovanni d'Empoli mistakenly recorded that "Zeiton" was the seat of the "Great Can" who ruled China but Quanzhou never served as an imperial capital.}} Its population was around 455,000 in 1283, the major items of trade being pepper and other spices, gemstones, pearls, and porcelain.Marco Polo recorded that the Yuan emperors derived "a vast revenue" from their 10 percent duty on the port's commerce; he called Quanzhou's port "one of the two greatest havens in the world for commerce" and "the Alexandria of the East".WEB,weblink Could world's tallest building bring China to its knees?, Ramy, Inocencio, 6 August 2013, CNN, 29 October 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170609104754weblink">weblink 9 June 2017, live, Ibn Battuta simply called it the greatest port in the world.{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=238}}{{efn|Notwithstanding the derivation of Zayton from Quanzhou's old nickname "City of the Tung Trees", some details of Ibn Battuta's description suggest he was referring to Zhangzhou.}} Polo noted its tattoo artists were famed throughout Southeast Asia.{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=235}} It was the point of departure for Marco Polo's 1292 return expedition, escorting the 17-year-old Mongolian princess Kököchin to her fiancé in the Persian Ilkhanate;{{sfnp|Yule & Cordier|1920}} a few decades later, it was the point of arrival and departure for Ibn Battuta.{{efn|Quanzhou was also the probable point of departure for the Franciscan friar John of Marignolli around the same time but this is uncertain given the partial nature of the record of his time in China.}} Kublai Khan's invasions of Japan{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=239}}BOOK, Rossabi, Morris, 111, The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction, 26 April 2012, Oxford University Press, USA, 9780199840892, and Java sailed primarily from its port.BOOK, Sen, Tan Ta, Sen Tan Ta, Chen, Dasheng, Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, 186, 9789812308375, The Islamic geographer Abulfeda noted, in {{circa|lk=no|1321}}, that its city walls remained ruined from its conquest by the Mongols.{{harvp|Yule & Cordier|1920|p=237}} In the mid-1320s Friar Odoric noted the town's two Franciscan friaries, but admitted the Buddhist monasteries were much larger, with over 3000 monks in one.Between 1357 and 1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started the Ispah rebellion against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian due to increasingly anti-Muslim laws. Persian militia leaders {{ill|Sayf ad-Din (Yuan)|lt=Sayf ad-Din|zh|赛甫丁}} (賽甫丁) and {{ill|Amir ad-Din|zh|阿迷里丁}} (阿迷里丁) led the revolt. Arabic official {{ill|Yawuna|zh|那兀纳}} (那兀纳) assassinated Amir ad-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou. Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367.BOOK, Liu 刘, Yingsheng 迎胜, Schottenhammer, Angela, The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration, 2008, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 9783447058094, 121, 6, East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history, 1860-1812, Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China, Sayf ad-Din and Amir ad-Din fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for five years. They both were murdered by another Muslim called Nawuna in 1362 so he then took control of Quanzhou and the Ispah garrison for five more years until his defeat by the Yuan authorities.BOOK, Chaffee, John W., The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400, 2018, Cambridge University Press, 9781108640091, 157, File:La cite de Caitan.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Zayton as imagined by a 15th-century European illustrator of The Travels of Marco PoloThe Travels of Marco PoloNawuna was killed in turn by Chen Youding. Chen began a campaign of persecution against the city's Sunni community—including massacres and grave desecration—that eventually became a three-days anti-foreign massacre. Emigrants fleeing the persecution rose to prominent positions throughout Southeast Asia, spurring the development of Islam on Java and elsewhere. The Yuan were expelled in 1368, and they turned against Pu Shougeng's family and the Muslims and slaughtered Pu Shougeng's descendants in the Ispah rebellion. Mosques and other buildings with foreign architecture were almost all destroyed and the Yuan imperial soldiers killed most of the descendants of Pu Shougeng and mutilated their corpses.JOURNAL, Garnaut, Anthony, March 2006, The Islamic Heritage in China: A General Survey,weblink China Heritage Newsletter, 5, Ming and early Qing dynasties The Ming discouraged foreign commerce other than formal tributary missions. By 1473 trade had declined to the point that Quanzhou was no longer the headquarters of the imperial customs service for Fujian. The Wokou, who came from many different ethnicities, including Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, forced Quanzhou's Superintendency of Trade to close completely in 1522.BOOK, Nield, Robert, 68, China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, March 2015, Hong Kong University Press, 9789888139286, During the Qing dynasty the Sea Ban did not help the city's traders or fishermen. They were forced to abandon their access to the sea for years at a time and coastal farmers forced to relocate miles inland to inner counties like Yongchun and Anxi. Violent large scale clan fights with the thousands of non-native families from Guangdong who were deported to Quanzhou city by the Qing immediately occurred.BOOK, Making Place: State Projects, Globalisation and Local Responses in China, Stephan Feuchtwang, 10 September 2012, 41, Routledge, 9781135393557, 19th century to present day (File:泉州临漳门.jpg|thumb|right|Reconstructed Linzhang Gate)In the 19th century, the city walls still protected a circuit of {{convert|7|-|8|mi|sp=us}} but embraced much vacant ground.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The bay began to attract Jardines' and Dents' opium ships from 1832. Following the First Opium War, Governor Henry Pottinger proposed using Quanzhou as an official opium depot to keep the trade out of Hong Kong and the other treaty ports but the rents sought by the imperial commissioner Qiying were too high.When Chinese pirates overran the receiving ships in Shenhu Bay to capture their stockpiles of silver bullion in 1847, however, the traders moved to Quanzhou Bay regardless. Around 1862, a Protestant mission was set up in Quanzhou. As late as the middle of the century, large Chinese junks could still access the town easily, trading in tea, sugar, tobacco, porcelain, and nankeens,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} but sand bars created by the rivers around the town had generally incapacitated its harbor by the First World War. It remained a large and prosperous city, but conducted its maritime trade through Anhai.{{sfnp|EB|1911}}After the Chinese Civil War, Kinmen became disconnected from Quanzhou with the Nationalists successfully defended Kinmen in battle from a Communist takeover attempt. Administrative divisions The prefecture-level city of Quanzhou administers four districts, three county-level cities, four counties, and two special economic districts. The People's Republic of China claims Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) (administered and also claimed by the Republic of China) as Kinmen County under the administration of Quanzhou.{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;"!colspan="7"|Map

{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Quanzhou 3 prfc map.png|width=500|link=}}{{Image label|x=609|y=740|scale=480/960|text={{small|Licheng}}}}{{Image label|x=653|y=710|scale=480/960|text={{small|Fengze}}}}{{Image label|x=650|y=540|scale=480/960|text=Luojiang}}{{Image label|x=795|y=545|scale=480/960|text=Quangang}}{{Image label|x=770|y=640|scale=480/960|text=Hui'anCounty}}{{Image label|x=220|y=560|scale=480/960|text=AnxiCounty}}{{Image label|x=360|y=390|scale=480/960|text=YongchunCounty}}{{Image label|x=420|y=200|scale=480/960|text=DehuaCounty}}{{Image label|x=705|y=830|scale=480/960|text=Shishi{{small|(City)}}}}{{Image label|x=575|y=810|scale=480/960|text=Jinjiang{{small|(City)}}}}{{Image label|x=510|y=640|scale=480/960|text=Nan'an{{small|(City)}}}}{{Image label|x=500|y=1060|scale=480/960|text=Kinmen*County}}{{Image label|x=100|y=980|scale=480/960|text=(Kinmen|Note: Kinmen is claimed by the PRC butis administered by and also claimed by the ROC.)}}{{Image label end}}

Licheng District, Quanzhou>Licheng District

Luojiang District, Quanzhou>Luojiang District

Shishi, Fujian>Shishi City

Jinjiang, Fujian>Jinjiang City

Nan'an, Fujian>Nan'an City

Kinmen>Kinmen County *

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, Quanzhou has a population of 8,128,530. Its built-up area is home to 6,107,475 inhabitants, encompassing the Licheng, Fengze, and Luojiang urban districts; Jinjiang, Nan'an, and Shishi cities; Hui'an County; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment.

Religion

File:Quanzhou Qingjing Si 20120229-03.jpg|thumb|Qingjing MosqueQingjing MosqueFile:弘一法师纪念馆（20140726）,jpg.jpg|thumb|Kaiyuan Temple, 2014]]{{see also|Hinduism in China}}Medieval Quanzhou was long one of the most cosmopolitan Chinese cities, with Chinese folk religious temples, Buddhist temples, Taoist temples and Hindu temples; Islamic mosques; and Christian churches, including Nestorian and a cathedral (financed by a rich Armenian lady) and two Franciscan friaries. Andrew of Perugia served as the Roman Catholic bishop of the city from 1322. Odoric of Pordenone was responsible for relocating the relics of the four Franciscans martyred at Thane in India in 1321 to the mission in Quanzhou. English Presbyterian missionaries raised a chapel around 1862.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The Qingjing Mosque dates to 1009 but is now preserved as a museum.BOOK, Kauz, Ralph, A Kāzarūnī Network?, Kauz, Ralph, 0,weblink 65, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2010, Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, East Asian Maritime History, 10, 9783447061032, The Buddhist Kaiyuan Temple has been repeatedly rebuilt but includes two 5-story 13th-century pagodas. Among the most popular folk or Taoist temples is Guan Yue Temple () that is dedicated to Lord Yue and famous Lord Guan, the God of Martial who is honored for his righteousness and the spirit of brotherhood. Jinjiang also preserves the Cao'an Temple (), originally constructed by Manicheans under the Yuan but now used by New Age spiritualists, and a Confucian Temple (, Wenmiao).

Language

Locals speak the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien (Min Nan) partly the same as the Amoy dialect spoken in Xiamen, and similar to Singaporean Hokkien, Philippine Hokkien, and Quanzhou-descended Taiwanese dialects. It is unintelligible with Mandarin. Many overseas Chinese whose ancestors came from the Quanzhou area, especially those in Southeast Asia, often speak mainly Hokkien at home. Around the "Southern Min triangle area," which includes Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou, locals all speak the Hokkien language. The dialects of Hokkien itself that they speak are similar but have different tones and sometimes different pronunciation and vocabulary.

Emigration

(File:宝珊 - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|New housing developments near the city center)Quanzhou has been a source for Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Some of these communities date to Quanzhou's heyday a millennium ago under the Song and Yuan dynasties.{{sfnp|Wade|2015|p=68}} About 6 million overseas Chinese trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Tong'an county. Most of them live in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand.

Economy

(File:Quanzhou - Sunwu Xi - DSCF8612.JPG|thumb|Quanzhou's Sunwu Creek)Historically Quanzhou exported black tea, camphor, sugar, indigo, tobacco, ceramics, cloth made of grass, and minerals. As of 1832 Quanzhou imported, primarily from Guangzhou, wool cloth, wine, and watches. The East India Company was exporting an estimated £150,000 a year in black tea from Quanzhou.BOOK, Roberts, Edmund, Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat, 1837, Harper & Brothers, 122, Today Quanzhou is a major exporter of agricultural products such as tea, banana, lychee, and rice. It is also a major producer of quarry granite and ceramics. Other industries include textiles, footwear, fashion and apparel, packaging, machinery, paper and petrochemicals.Quanzhou, Fujian. InJ. R. Logan (Ed.), The new Chinese city: Globalization and market reform (pp. 227-245). Oxford: BlackwellIts GDP ranked first in Fujian Province for 20 years from 1991 to 2010. In 2008 Quanzhou's textile and apparel production accounted for 10 percent of China's overall apparel production, stone exports account for 50 percent of Chinese stone exports, resin handicraft exports account for 70 percent of the country's total, ceramic exports account for 67 percent of the country's total, candy production accounts for 20 percent, and the production of sport and tourism shoes accounts for 80% of Chinese, and 20 percent of world production.Quanzhou is known today as China's shoe city. Quanzhou's 3,000 shoe factories produce 500 million pairs a year, making nearly one in every four pairs of sneakers made in China.

Cars

Quanzhou is the biggest automotive market in Fujian. It has the highest rate of private automobile possession.KFC, McDonald's to Open Drive-in Restaurants in Quanzhou SinoCast China Business Daily News. London (UK): 23 August 2007. pg. 1 Quanzhou is connected by major roads from Fuzhou to the north and Xiamen to the south.

Transport

File:Right side of Zayton Jinjiang International airport.jpg|thumb|250px|Quanzhou Jinjiang International AirportQuanzhou Jinjiang International AirportFile:North Yingbin Ave of Zayton City.jpg|thumb|250px|North Yingbin Avenue (G24) in Quanzhou]](File:XML6105JHEVE8C1 of Zayton bus.jpg|thumb|250px|Buses in Quanzhou)Quanzhou is an important transport hub within southeastern Fujian province. Many export industries in the Fujian interior cities will transport goods to Quanzhou ports. Quanzhou Port was one of the most prosperous port in Tang dynasty and is now still an important Chinese port for exporting.There is a passenger ferry terminal in Shijing, Nan'an, Fujian, with regular service to the Shuitou Port in the ROC-controlled Kinmen Island.

Airport

Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport is Quanzhou region's airport, served by passenger flights within Fujian province and other destinations throughout the country.

Railway

The Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway connects several cargo stations within Quanzhou Prefecture with the interior of Fujian and the rest of the country. Until 2014 this line also had passenger service, with fairly slow passenger trains from Beijing.Passenger trains from China terminated at the Quanzhou East Railway Station, a few kilometers northeast of the center of the city. Passenger service on this line was terminated, and Quanzhou East railway station closed 9 December 2014.WEB,weblink Quanzhou East Railway Station will stop handling passenger services, tiexing.com, 2014-12-04, 2015-08-13,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150910100948weblink">weblink 2015-09-10, dead, Since 2010 Quanzhou is served by the high-speed Fuzhou–Xiamen railway, part of the Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, which runs along China's southeastern sea coast. High-speed trains on this line stop at Quanzhou railway station (in Beifeng Subdistrict of Fengze District, some 10 miles north of Quanzhou city center) and Jinjiang railway station. Trains to Xiamen take under 45 minutes, making it a convenient weekend or day trip. By 2015 direct high-speed service has become available to a number of cities in the country's interior, from Beijing to Chongqing and Guiyang.

Long-distance bus

Long-distance bus services also run daily/nightly to Shenzhen and other major cities. Quanzhou bus station operated from 1990 to 2020.

Colleges and universities

Colleges and universities with Undergraduate education:

• Huaqiao University (national)
• Quanzhou Normal University (public)
• {{ill|Jinjiang Campus of Fuzhou University|lt=Jinjiang Campus|zh|福州大学晋江校区}} of Fuzhou University (public)
• Quangang Campus of {{ill|College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University|lt=College of Chemical Engineering|zh|福州大学石油化工学院}}, Fuzhou University (public)
• {{ill|Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (College of Digital Economy)|lt=Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy)|zh|福建农林大学安溪茶学院（数字经济学院）}}, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (public)
• Second School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University (public)
• Yang-en University (private)
• {{ill|Minnan University of Science and Technology|zh|闽南理工学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Minnan Science and Technology College|zh|闽南科技学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou University of Information Engineering|zh|泉州信息工程学院}} (private)
• Jinjiang Campus of {{ill|Fuzhou University Zhicheng College|zh|福州大学至诚学院}} (private)
• Quangang Campus of {{ill|Fuzhou University Zhicheng College|zh|福州大学至诚学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University|zh|福建农林大学金山学院}} (Anxi) (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Vocational and Technical University|zh|泉州职业技术大学}} (vocational, private)

Vocational school:

• {{ill|Liming Vocational University|zh|黎明职业大学}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Medical College|zh|泉州医学高等专科学校}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Preschool Education College|zh|泉州幼儿师范高等专科学校}} (public)
• {{ill|Fujian Electric Power Technical College|zh|福建电力职业技术学院}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Vocational College of Economics and Business|zh|泉州经贸职业技术学院}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Arts And Crafts Vocational College|zh|泉州工艺美术职业学院}} (public)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Engineering Vocational and Technical College|zh|泉州工程职业技术学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou College of Technology|zh|泉州轻工学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Textile Garment Institute|zh|泉州纺织服装职业学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Ocean Institute|zh|泉州海洋职业学院}} (private)
• {{ill|Quanzhou Huaguang Vocational College|zh|泉州华光职业学院}} (private)

Culture

(File:Stalagmite, Quanzhou.jpg|Shisun Park|thumb)Quanzhou is listed as one of the 24 famous historic cultural cities first approved by the Chinese government. Notable cultural practices include:

• Liyuan Opera ()
• Puppet Show ()
• Gaojia Opera ()
• Dacheng Opera ()
• Nanyin (), a musical style dating to the Han but performed in the local dialect
• Quanzhou Shaolin Five Ancestors Fist ()
• Yongchun martial arts

The city hosted the Sixth National Peasants' Games in 2008. Signature local dishes include rice dumplings and oyster omelettes.Notable Historical and cultural sites (the 18 views of Quanzhou as recommended by the Fujian tourism board) include the Ashab Mosque and Kaiyuan Temple mentioned above, as well as:

• Qing Yuan mountain () - The tallest hill within the city limits, which hosts a great view of West lake.
• East Lake Park () - Located in the city center. It is home to a small zoo.
• West Lake Park () - The largest body of fresh water within the city limits.
• Scholar Street () - Champion street about 500 meters long, elegant environment, mainly engaged in tourism and cultural crafts.

Notable Modern cultural sites include:

• Fengze Square - Located in the city center and acts as a venue for shows and events.
• Dapingshan - The second tallest hill within the city limits, crowned with an enormous equestrian statue of Zheng Chenggong.
• The Embassy Lounge - Situated in the "1916 Cultural Ideas Zone" which acts as a platform for mixing traditional Chinese art with modern building techniques and designsThe Embassy Lounge {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115072005weblink |date=2016-11-15 }}

Relics from Quanzhou's past are preserved at the Maritime or Overseas-Relations History Museum. It includes large exhibits on Song-era ships and Yuan-era tombstones. A particularly important exhibit is the so-called Quanzhou ship, a seagoing junk that sunk some time after 1272 and was recovered in 1973–74.WEB,weblink Quanzhou Overseas-Relations History Museum, 2010-04-04,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100107001746weblink">weblink 2010-01-07, live, The old city center preserves "balcony buildings" ({{zh|labels=no|s=骑楼 |p=qílóu}}), a style of southern Chinese architecture from the Republican Era.

Notable residents

• Li Nu, merchant and scholarENCYCLOPEDIA,weblink Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Association for Asian studies (Ann Arbor, Michigan), 1976, Columbia University Press, New York, 817, 9780231038010, 2015-12-16,weblink 2016-04-24, live, WEB,weblink Chinese-Iranian Relations, VII: Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties, Chen, Da-Sheng, Encyclopedia Iranica, 28 June 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110429174424weblink">weblink 29 April 2011, live, BOOK,weblink Science and Civilisation in China, 4, Joseph, Needham, 1971, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, Cambridge, 495, 9780521070607, 2015-12-16,weblink 2016-05-19, live,

• Zhang Wenyu, nuclear physicist born in Hui'an.NEWS,weblink zh:功勋人物谱科技篇：中国宇宙线研究的创始人——张文裕, qq.com, 17 June 2020, 12 August 2021, zh, He was also a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

• Lin Junde, explosion mechanics scientist born in Yongchun in Quanzhou.

• Xie Xide, physicist born in Shishi, president of Fudan University

• Guo Guangcan, quantum physicist born in Hui'an.

• Yao Chen, actress born in Shishi in Quanzhou.

Villages

• Xunpu

Gallery

File:Quanzhou Tianhou Gong 20120229-06.jpg|Quanzhou Tianhou TempleFile:Quanzhou Fashi Zhenwu Miao 20120301-6.jpg|Quanzhou Zhenwu Temple

Notes

Explanatory notes

{{Noteslist}}

Citations

{{Reflist|30em}}

General and cited references

• EB9, cs2, Yule, Henry, Henry Yule, Chinchew, 5, {{harvid, EB, 1878, |page=673 }}
• EB1911, cs2, Chinchew, 6, {{harvid, EB, 1911, |page=231 }}
• BOOK, The Broadway Travellers, Travels in Asia and Africa,weblink 1929, E. Denison Ross, Eileen Power, Gibb, H.A.R., Ibn Battúta, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 9780415344739, {{harvid, Gibb, 1929, |at=Book II, Ch. XI }}
• BOOK, Gibb, H.A.R., 2010, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, AD 1325-1354, Volume IV,
• BOOK,weblink The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce, and Human Migration, Angela, Schottenhammer, Angela Schottenhammer, 0, 2008, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 978-3-447-05809-4,
• BOOK, Schottenhammer, Angela, Transfer of Xiangyao 香藥 from Iran and Arabia to China: A Reinvestigation of Entries in the Youyang Zazu 酉陽雜俎 (863), Kauz, Ralph, 0,weblink 145, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2010, Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, East Asian Maritime History, 10, 9783447061032,
• BOOK, Marco Polo, Yule, Henry, Henry Yule, The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, 3rd, II, {{harvid, Yule & Cordier, 1920, |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA234 |chapter=Of the City and Great Haven of Zayton |date=1903 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486275871 }}, annotated by Henri Cordier in 1920, London: John Murray.

Further reading

• BOOK, Wang, Qiang, 2020, Legendary Port of the Maritime Silk Routes, Quanzhou, Peter Lang US. Retrieved 30 September 2020,weblink
• BOOK, Brown, Bill, 2004, Mystic Quanzhou: City of Light, Xiamen, Xiamen University Press,

External links

{{commons category|Quanzhou}}{{wikivoyage|Quanzhou}}

• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131024092550weblink">The Stones of Zayton speak from China Heritage Newsletter

{{Fujian topics}}{{Fujian}}{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}{{Authority control}}