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highness
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{{short description|Style of address}}{{about|the dynastic use|the song by Envy & Other Sins|Highness (song)|the song by Simon Townshend|Animal Soup|the album by Medicine|Her Highness (album)}}{{Monarchism |expanded=concepts}}Highness (abbreviation HH, oral address Your Highness) is a formal style used to address (in second person) or refer to (in third person) certain members of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty. It is typically used with a possessive adjective: “His Highness”, “Her Highness” (HH), “Their Highnesses”, etc. Although often combined with other adjectives of honour indicating rank, such as “Imperial”, “Royal” or “Serene”, it may be used alone.
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History in Europe
Abstract styles arose in profusion in the Roman Empire, especially in the Byzantine.BOOK, Titles, Barnes & Noble, Inc., Pine, L.G., 1992, New York, 36, 69, 92, 94, 104, 148â149, 978-1-56619-085-5, L.G. Pine, registration,archive.org/details/titleshowkingbec0000pine/page/36, Styles were attached to various offices at court or in the state. In the early Middle Ages such styles, couched in the second or third person, were uncertain and much more arbitrary, and were more subject to the fancies of secretaries than in later times.Selden, Titles of Honor, part I, Ch. vii. p. 100{{EB1911 |wstitle=Highness |volume=13 |page=456 |inline=1}}In English usage, the terms Highness, Grace and Majesty, were all used as honorific styles of kings, queens and princes of the blood until the time of James I of England. Thus in documents relating to the reign of Henry VIII of England, all three styles are used indiscriminately; an example is the king’s judgment against Dr. Edward Crome (d. 1562), quoted, from the Lord Chamberlains’ books, ser. I, p. 791, in Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc. N.S. lOX. 299, where article 15 begins with Also the Kinges Highness hath ordered, 16 with Kinges Majestie, and 17 with Kinges Grace. In the Dedication of the Authorized Version of the Bible of 1611, James I is still styled Majesty and Highness; thus, in the first paragraph: “the appearance of Your Majesty, as of the Sun in his strength, instantly dispelled those supposed and surmised mists ... especially when we beheld the government established in Your Highness and Your hopeful Seed, by an undoubted title”. It was, however, in James I’s reign that Majesty became the official style.Continental Europe
At the conclusion of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, His/Her Highness (abbreviated HH), became prevalent for reigning dukes and members of their dynasties in Germany (e.g., Anhalt, Brunswick, Nassau, the three Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg, as well as Schleswig-Holstein); for cadets of some German grand ducal houses (e.g., Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach); and cadet members of some imperial or royal families (e.g., Bavaria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Yugoslavia). That custom remains official in the Danish, Dutch and Norwegian dynasties. The Almanach de Gotha and Burke’s Peerage continued to ascribe Highness to members of deposed dynasties of ducal rank.Among the nobility, the Almanach de Gotha notes that Highness was accorded to the heads of the families of Murat (a royal dynasty during the Napoleonic era), Hohenberg, Teck and all members of the House of Ligne.The style was discontinued in the Danish royal family in 2023, having been applied to junior lines for many generations.- His Highness Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, Van Vollenhoven, son of HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and Mr. Pieter van Vollenhoven, the maternal grandson of HM Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, and nephew of HM Queen Beatrix. Upon his mother’s marriage, it was decreed that her children would be known as HH Prince(ss) of Orange-Nassau, Van Vollenhoven.
- His Highness Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway son of HRH Crown Prince Haakon and HRH Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway, the paternal grandson of HM King Harald V of Norway.WEB,www.kongehuset.no/c28433/seksjonstekst_person/vis.html?tid=28780, His Highness Prince Sverre Magnus, Monarchy of Norway, 30 April 2011, NEWS,www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/top+100+in+line+to+the+throne/3051062.html, Top 100 in line to the throne, Channel 4, 27 March 2009,
Modified forms
Usually members of an imperial or royal dynasty are addressed as Imperial Highness or Royal Highness (French Altesse Impériale, Altesse Royale; German Kaiserliche Hoheit, Königliche Hoheit; Spanish Alteza Imperial, Alteza Real, etc.) respectively.Commonwealth realms
Highness was the style accorded to princes of the British royal family who were the male-line great-grandchildren of a British sovereign (and the wives/widows of great-grandsons), except the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. In 1917, George V revoked authorization for use of that style.The children and grandchildren in the male-line of a British sovereign were and are addressed as Royal Highness (His or Her Royal Highness, abbreviated HRH), as are the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales (decree of 31 May 1898).JOURNAL,www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/60384/pages/213, Crown Office, The London Gazette, 8 January 2013, 60384, 213, The sovereign has the right as a legal fons honorum to grant or revoke use of the style of Highness, as with other styles, titles and honours.British Royal Family Website. The Queen and Honours. The Royal Household. Buckingham Palace. accessed 5 February 2019.Colonial use
- In the British Empire, the style (His) Highness became reserved for the elite of the feudatory dynastic heads of the major princely states (mainly in India and other territoriesâas on the Persian Gulf coastâonce under the East India Company).
- In various other empires, such as the Dutch East Indies (see List of regencies and cities of Indonesia), a similar system was introduced.
Modern Islamic World
Royal Afghanistan
In Afghanistan the title Jalalat Mahab is used for Sardars, or Princes of the former Muhammadzai dynasty, who are descendants of the Afghan Emir Payindah Muhammad Khan Barakzai. Although Jalalat Mahab is derived from the Arabic term Jalalat literally meaning His Majesty, it is regarded as equal to His Highness internationally. A legal ground for it is a strengthened ius cogens within the Afghan royal family with gateways in the first written constitution of Afghanistan issued by Abdur Rahman Khan in year 1890 and amended by Amanullah Khan in year 1923.Encyclopedia Iranica in Constitutional History of AfghanistanAdamek in Who is Who in AfghanistanPrince Daoud Khan, a member of the Telai cadet branch and Cousin of the last Afghan King Zahir Shah, acting as prime minister under his cousin held the address Jalalat Mahab Aali Qadr Sardari Alaa (English His Honorable Highness the sublime Prince) during his term as Prime Minister.Mir Assadullah Sadat in Alqab DowaltiAfter the constitution of 1964 that changed Afghanistan’s state system from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, the descendants of King Nadir Shah held the exclusive address as Alaa Hazrat in which context Hazrat is Turkish and means Majesty or Highness and thus literally translated means Higher Majesty or Higher Highness and is internationally also equal to His Royal Highness. Jalalat Mahab was still used for other cadet branches by customary law and in light of the law of royal expenses, based on Article 13 and 24 of the Royal Constitution of 1964. Cadet branches include:WEB, Afghanistan’s Constitution of 1964,www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Afghanistan_1964.pdf?lang=en, Constitute, Christopher Buyers in Royal Ark, Afghanistan- Telai, descendants of Sultan Mohammed Khan, including Prince Daoud Khan
- Seraj, descendants of Dost Mohammed Khan
- and Shaghasi, descendants of other children of Payindah Muhammad Khan
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, all members of the royal family have the title of Emir (Prince) but sons, daughters, patrilineal granddaughters and grandsons of Ibn Saud are referred to by the style “His Royal Highness” (HRH), differing from those belonging to the cadet branches who are styled as “His/Her Highness” (HH), and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.NEWS, Amos, Deborah, Sheikh to Chic,books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28, 12 July 2016, Mother Jones, 1991, 28, en, WEB,americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/,web.archive.org/web/20160807041830/https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/, dead, 7 August 2016, Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? - American Bedu, 7 August 2016, WEB, Family Tree,www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do, datarabia.com, 7 December 2016, en, The definition of the cadet branches has been legally defined in year 2000 by King Abdullah and includes the following:Washington institute in “After King Abdullah”www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/3420- Al Jiluwi, descendants of Prince Jiluwi bin Turki al Saud acting as closest allies to King Abdul Aziz against Saud Al Kabeer in 1903
- Al Kabeer, descendants of Saud Al Kabeer, who allied with King Abdul Aziz against the Rashidi State
- Al Thunayan Al Mishari and Al Farhan, who descend from brothers of the dynastic founder Muhammad bin Saud al Muqrin
Republican and non-royal usage
Very rarely, the style of Highness or variations thereof have been used by non-monarchical heads of state, particularly before the 20th century, and often in cases where the distinction between monarchy and republic was blurred. For example, Oliver Cromwell and his wife were styled “Highness” upon his elevation to Lord Protector of the Commonwealth; he also enjoyed the style of by the Grace of God, was succeeded by his son, and had even been offered the throne.Spanish-speaking world
In the Spanish-speaking world, a handful of leaders historically enjoyed the official, if often ephemeral, style of Highness (Alteza) or variations thereof.In Spain, Manuel Godoy, who twice served as Prime Minister from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808, was granted the style of Most Serene Highness (Su Alteza SerenÃsima) in 1807 by King Charles IV. He had been created Principe de la Paz (“Prince of the Peace“) in 1795, but the princely title did not carry the style of Highness on its own. The former style was possibly derived from the traditional Spanish honorific of ExcelentÃsimo Señor (The Most Excellent).Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara, who was regent for Queen Isabella II from 1840 to 1843, and three times served as Prime Minister: in 1837, from 1840 to 1841, and from 1854 to 1856, was created Prince of Vergara {{citation needed span|with the exceptional (and not strictly non-royal) style of Royal Highness (Alteza Real)|date=February 2017}} in 1872. Espartero had previously declined an offer to the throne following the Spanish Revolution of 1868, which instead went to the Italian Amadeo of Savoy, who in turn bestowed the royal princedom on him.Furthermore, according to the provisions of Royal Decree 1368/1987 promulgated by King Juan Carlos I in 1987, a Regent of Spain is to enjoy the style of Highness (as well as protocolary honours equal to those of the Prince of Asturias), unless they were to possess rank conferring a higher style.WEB, Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de tÃtulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes.,www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1987-25284, BoletÃn Oficial del Estado, 33717, Agencia Estatal BoletÃn Oficial del Estado, 22 November 2014, During the short-lived (:es:Junta de Gobierno Autónoma de Quito|Luz de America) uprising of 1809 in modern-day Ecuador, the Junta de Gobierno Autónoma de Quito (“Autonomous Government Junta of [the Royal Audiencia of] Quito“), granted its president, Juan PÃo de Montúfar, 2nd Marquis of Selva Alegre, the style of Most Serene Highness, while claiming for itself the collective dignity of ”Majesty” (as it purported to be acting in the name of King Ferdinand VII). Selva Alegre’s pseudo-monarchical government, which was formed following Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808 and lasted for a mere seventy-five days, was considered by both contemporaries and later historians to be a thinly-disguised effort to establish a “Kingdom of Quito”; Selva dressed himself in regal vestments, bestowed honours on citizens, and instituted the National Order of San Lorenzo (which was much later revived by Ecuadorian President Camilo Ponce EnrÃquez in 1959).WEB, Pimentel, Rodolfo Perez, Juan PÃo Montúfar y Larrea,www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo4/m11.htm, diccionariobiograficoecuador.com, Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador., 22 November 2014, Antonio López de Santa Anna, enjoyed the official style of Most Serene Highness during his eleventh and final tenure as President of Mexico for life from 1853 until his deposal in 1855.WEB, Sible, Randy, The Life of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Savior, Emperor, President, and Dictator,www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna2.htm, Latin American Studies, 22 November 2014,Elsewhere
United States
Shortly before the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, then-Vice President John Adams organised a congressional committee on the matter of the title and style of the President. There Adams agitated for the adoption of the style of Highness (as well as the title of Protector of Their [the United States’] Liberties) for the President.JOURNAL, Hutson, James H., John Adams’ Title Campaign, The New England Quarterly, March 1968, 41, 1, 30â39, 10.2307/363331, 363331, Others favored the variant of Electoral Highness or the lesser Excellency, the latter of which was vociferously opposed by Adams, who contended that it was far beneath the presidential dignity, as the executives of the states, some of which were also titled “President” (e.g. the President of Pennsylvania), at that time often enjoyed the style of Excellency; Adams said that the President “would be levelled with colonial governors or with functionaries from German princedoms” if he were to use the style of Excellency. On further consideration, Adams deemed even Highness insufficient and instead proposed that the Executive, both the President and the Vice President (i.e., himself), be styled Majesty, with only which the “great danger” of insufficient dignity being attached to the executive could be solved. Adams’ efforts were met with widespread derision and perplexion; Thomas Jefferson called them “the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of”, while Benjamin Franklin considered it “absolutely mad”. The proposal came to naught, and American Presidents, from Washington onwards, have eschewed honorific titles and styles altogether and are simply referred to as Mr. President.Samoa
In modern-day Samoa, the O le Ao o le Malo, the Samoan head of state, has since the country’s independence enjoyed the title of Highness, as do the heads of the four paramount chiefly dynasties. However, as all of the heads of state, elected by the Fono, the country’s parliament (which is itself almost entirely composed of customary chiefs), since independence have been one of the four chiefs, it is ambiguous as to whether the country constitutes a parliamentary republic or a democratic elective monarchy.Other Arab Countries
Emirs of Qatar, Kuwait and UAE also use the style of Your Highness.Patrilineal descendants of former ruling Emirs of Iraq use His Highness for the head of the houseBOOK, Batatu, H, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, Princeton University Press, 1978, African royalty commonly use “Highness” to refer to their junior dynasts. Some ranking monarchs also make use of the style. An example of the former is Princess Elizabeth Bagaya of the Tooro Kingdom in Uganda. An example of the latter is the princess’ sister-in-law, Queen Best Kemigisa.Other uses
Regardless of the official traditions in the various colonial empires, the style is evidently used to render, often merely informally, various somewhat analogous titles in non-western cultures, regardless whether there is an actual linguistic and/or historical link. Furthermore, in North America, some chiefs of certain indigenous tribes or nations use the style of Highness, which may or may not be recognised by their governments.The Aga Khan was granted the style of His Highness by Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather Aga Khan III. This has been a traditional gesture by British sovereigns since the Aga Khan III allied himself with Britain against Afghanistan.Variations and precedence
While the actual precedence depends on the rank itself, and sometimes more specifically on the monarchy, rather than on the style of address, the holders tend to end up roughly in the following order of precedence:- His/Her Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH)
- His/Her Imperial Highness (HIH)
- His/Her Royal Highness (HRH)
- His/Her Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH), used by junior members of the houses of Luxembourg, Grand Ducal Hesse, and Baden
- His/Her Highness (HH)
- His/Her Exalted Highness (HEH), used only by the Nizam of Hyderabad, the pre-eminent Indian princely ruler
- His/Her Sultanic Highness (HSH), a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style, exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt
- His/Her Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH)
- His Most Eminent Highness (HMEH), a hybrid with His Eminence, created in 1630 for the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire at par with a Cardinal (Prince of the Church).
- His/Her Most Serene Highness (HMSH)
- His/Her Serene Highness (HSH)
- His/Her Illustrious Highness (HIll.H)
- His/Her Tribal Highness (HTH), a rare hybrid of Highness exclusively used by Amghar Mohammed Ameziane, Prince of the Rif and direct descendants.
See also
References
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