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{{short description|Country in West Asia}}{{About|the country}}{{Redirects here|HKJ}}{{Good article}}{{pp-extended|small=yes|expiry=indef}}{{pp-move|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

factoids

{{transliterationAl-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hāshimiyya}}| image_flag = Flag of Jordan.svg| image_coat = Coat of arms of Jordan.svg| coa_size = 75arTITLE=STATE-RELIGION RELATIONSHIPS AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: TOWARDS A RIGHT TO RELIGIOUSLY NEUTRAL GOVERNANCEURL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=KHAG6TBSIN4C&PG=PA87PUBLISHER=BRILLPAGE=87ARCHIVE-DATE=12 OCTOBER 2017, live, arThe Royal Anthem of Jordan"{{parabr}}{{center>(File:National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg)}}| image_map = Jordan (orthographic projection).svg| capital = Amman31N56type:city}}| largest_city = capital95% Islam in Jordan (State religion>official) Christianity in Jordan>Christianity Druze, Baháʼí Faith>Baháʼí}} 1% othersModern Standard Arabic>ArabicJORDANIAN CONSTITUTION >URL=HTTP://WWW.CCO.GOV.JO/EN-US/JORDANIAN-CONSTITUTIONAL ACCESS-DATE=31 AUGUST 2020 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20200812035024/HTTP://WWW.CCO.GOV.JO/EN-US/JORDANIAN-CONSTITUTIONAL, live, 95% ArabCircassians in Jordan>Circassian, Chechens in Jordan > 2% Armenian and others}}| demonym = JordanianUnitary state>Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchyList of kings of Jordan>MonarchAbdullah II of Jordan>Abdullah IIPrime Minister of Jordan>Prime Minister| leader_name2 = Bisher KhasawnehParliament of Jordan>ParliamentSenate (Jordan)>SenateHouse of Representatives}}| sovereignty_type = Independence| sovereignty_note = from the United KingdomEmirate of Transjordan>Emirate| established_date1 = 11 April 1921League of Nations mandate>Independence| established_date2 = 25 May 1946Constitution of Jordan>Current constitution| established_date3 = 11 January 1952| area_km2 = 89342| area_rank = 110th| area_sq_mi =| percent_water = 0.6WORK=JORDAN DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICSARCHIVE-DATE=18 AUGUST 2019URL-STATUS=LIVE, | population_estimate_year = 2023| population_estimate_rank = 84thACCESS-DATE=12 JUNE 2018LAST=GHAZALDATE=22 JANUARY 2016ARCHIVE-DATE=8 FEBRUARY 2018, live, | population_census_year = 2015| population_density_km2 = 114| population_density_sq_mi = 295| population_density_rank = 70thPUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND ACCESS-DATE=14 OCTOBER 2023, | GDP_PPP_year = 2023| GDP_PPP_rank = 91st| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,809| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 112th| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $50.022 billion| GDP_nominal_year = 2023| GDP_nominal_rank = 93rd| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,850| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 114th| Gini = 35.4 | Gini_year = 2011| Gini_change = WORK=WORLD BANKARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150209003326/HTTP://DATA.WORLDBANK.ORG/INDICATOR/SI.POV.GINIURL-STATUS=LIVE, | HDI = 0.736| HDI_year = 2022| HDI_change = steadyLANGUAGE=ENUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME>DATE=13 MARCH 2024, 13 March 2024, | HDI_rank = 99th| currency = Jordanian dinar| currency_code = JOD| time_zone =| utc_offset = +3| utc_offset_DST =| time_zone_DST =| drives_on = rightTelephone numbers in Jordan>+962.jo| area_magnitude =| official_website = jordan.gov.jo| today =}}Jordan,{{efn| {{IPA-ar|al.ʔʊr.dÊŠn|}}}} officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,{{efn|}} is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the south, and the occupied Palestinian territory of the West Bank and Israel to the west. The Jordan River, flowing into the Dead Sea, is located along the country's western border. Jordan has a small coastline along the Red Sea in its southwest, separated by the Gulf of Aqaba from Egypt. Amman is Jordan's capital and largest city, as well as the most populous city in the Levant.Modern-day Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three kingdoms emerged in Transjordan at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. In the third century BC, the Arab Nabataeans established their kingdom centered in Petra. Later rulers of the Transjordan region include the Assyrian, Babylonian, Roman, Byzantine, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and the Ottoman empires. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Greater Syria region was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite, then Emir, Abdullah I, and the emirate became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan gained independence and became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.{{efn|The country became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Arabic; however, it continued to be referred to as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in English until 1949}} The country captured and annexed the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War until it was occupied by Israel in 1967. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory to the Palestinians in 1988, and signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994.Jordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of {{Convert|89,342|km2|abbr=on}}, with a population of 11.5 million, making it the eleventh-most populous Arab country. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is Sunni Muslim, with the rest being mostly Arab Christian. Jordan was mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the Arab Spring in 2010. From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million Palestinian (most of whom hold Jordanian citizenship) and 1.4 million Syrian refugees were present in Jordan in 2015. The kingdom is also a refuge for thousands of Christian Iraqis fleeing persecution.WEB, 2010-09-20, The Politics of Aid to Iraqi Refugees in Jordan,weblink 2022-04-05, MERIP, en-US, 8 March 2022,weblink live, JOURNAL, 2006-11-27, "The Silent Treatment": Fleeing Iraq, Surviving in Jordan, Human Rights Watch,weblink en, Frelick, Bill, 5 April 2022, 5 April 2022,weblink live, While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the large Syrian influx during the 2010s has placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.WEB,weblink 12 October 2015, 2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Jordan, UNHCR,weblink" title="wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141002061205weblink">weblink 2 October 2014, The sovereign state is a constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation. The country has a high Human Development Index, ranking 102nd, and is considered a lower middle income economy. The Jordanian economy, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce. The country is a major tourist destination, also attracting medical tourism due to its well developed health sector.NEWS,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160312061219weblink">weblink dead, 12 March 2016, Jordan second top Arab destination to German tourists, Petra, Jordan News, 11 March 2016, 12 March 2016, Nonetheless, a lack of natural resources, large flow of refugees, and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth.

Etymology

{{See also|Jordan River#Etymology}}Jordan takes its name from the Jordan River, which forms much of the country's northwestern border.WEB,weblink The World Fact book – Jordan, CIA World Factbook, 15 June 2018, 27 February 2023,weblink live, While several theories for the origin of the river's name have been proposed, it is most plausible that it derives from the Hebrew word Yarad (), meaning "the descender", reflecting the river's declivity.BOOK,weblink Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, 15 June 2018, 1990, 466–467, 928, Watson E., Mills, Roger Aubrey, Bullard, Mercer University Press, 9780865543737,weblink 18 October 2017, live, Much of the area that makes up modern Jordan was historically called Transjordan, meaning "across the Jordan"; the term is used to denote the lands east of the river. The Hebrew Bible (the founding holy text of Judaism, also referred to by Christians as the Old Testament) uses the term for the area. Early Arab chronicles call the river Al-Urdunn (a term cognate to the Hebrew Yarden). Jund Al-Urdunn was a military district around the river in the early Islamic era.BOOK,weblink Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A. D. 650 To 1500, 52, Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Guy, Le Strange, 1890, 15 June 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101005052930weblink">weblink 5 October 2010, live, Later, during the Crusades in the beginning of the second millennium, a lordship was established in the area under the name of Oultrejordain.BOOK,weblink Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades, David, Nicolle, Hambledon Continuum, 1 November 2008, 15 June 2018, 118, 9781847251466, 10 April 2023,weblink live,

History

Ancient period

File:20100923 amman37.JPG|thumb|left|The 'Ain Ghazal Statues'Ain Ghazal StatuesThe oldest known evidence of hominid habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 years.BOOK,weblink 16 June 2018, 8 December 2015, Princeton University Press, Raphael, Patai, Kingdom of Jordan, 23, 32, 9781400877997,weblink 18 October 2017, live, Jordan is a rich source of Paleolithic human remains (up to 20,000 years old) due to its location within the Levant, where various migrations of hominids out of Africa converged,{{cite book|chapter-url=weblink|title= Atlas of Jordan|access-date= 16 June 2018|editor-first= Myriam|editor-last= Ababsa|chapter= The First Traces of Man. The Palaeolithic Period (