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Information Processing Language
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Early programming language for lists}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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Basics of IPL
An IPL computer has:- A set of symbols. All symbols are addresses, and name cells. Unlike symbols in later languages, symbols consist of a character followed by a number, and are written H1, A29, 9â7, 9â100.
- Cell names beginning with a letter are regional, and are absolute addresses.
- Cell names beginning with "9-" are local, and are meaningful within the context of a single list. One list's 9-1 is independent of another list's 9â1.
- Other symbols (e.g., pure numbers) are internal.
- A set of cells. Lists are made from several cells including mutual references. Cells have several fields:
- P, a 3-bit field used for an operation code when the cell is used as an instruction, and unused when the cell is data.
- Q, a 3-valued field used for indirect reference when the cell is used as an instruction, and unused when the cell is data.
- SYMB, a symbol used as the value in the cell.
- A set of primitive processes, which would be termed primitive functions in modern languages.
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- Test symbols for equality
- Find, set, or erase an attribute of a list
- Locate the next symbol in a list; insert a symbol in a list; erase or copy an entire list
- Arithmetic operations (on symbol names)
- Manipulation of symbols; e.g., test if a symbol denotes an integer, or make a symbol local
- I/O operations
- "Generators", which correspond to iterators and filters in functional programming. For example, a generator may accept a list of numbers and produce the list of their squares. Generators could accept suitably designed functionsâstrictly, the addresses of code of suitably designed functionsâas arguments.
History
IPL was first utilized to demonstrate that the theorems in Principia Mathematica which were proven laboriously by hand, by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, could in fact be proven by computation. According to Simon's autobiography Models of My Life, this application was originally developed first by hand simulation, using his children as the computing elements, while writing on and holding up note cards as the registers which contained the state variables of the program.IPL was used to implement several early artificial intelligence programs, also by the same authors: the Logic Theorist (1956), the General Problem Solver (1957), and their computer chess program NSS (1958).Several versions of IPL were created: IPL-I (never implemented), IPL-II (1957 for JOHNNIAC), IPL-III (existed briefly), IPL-IV, IPL-V (1958, for IBM 650, IBM 704, IBM 7090, Philco model 212, many others. Widely used). IPL-VI was a proposal for an IPL hardware.{{sfn|Shaw|Newell|Simon|Ellis|1958}}{{sfn|Sammet|1969|p=389}}A co-processor âIPL-VCâ for the CDC 3600 at Argonne National Libraries was developed which could run IPL-V commands.{{sfn|Hodges|1964}}{{sfn|Sammet|1969|p=393â394}} It was used to implement another checker-playing program.{{sfn|Cowell|Reed|1965}} This hardware implementation did not improve running times sufficiently to âcompete favorably with a language more directly oriented to the structure of present-day machinesâ.{{sfn|Carson|Robinson|1966|p=5}}IPL was soon displaced by Lisp, which had much more powerful features, a simpler syntax, and the benefit of automatic garbage collection.Legacy to computer programming
IPL arguably introduced several programming language features:- List manipulationâbut only lists of atoms, not general lists
- Property listsâbut only when attached to other lists
- Higher-order functionsâwhile assembly programming had always allowed computing with the addresses of functions, IPL was an early attempt to generalize this property of assembly language in a principled way
- Computation with symbolsâthough symbols have a restricted form in IPL (letter followed by number)
- Virtual machine
References
{{Reflist}}Sources
- REPORT, Daniel F., Carson, George A., Robinson, May 1966, Gyro II, A Macro-Defined System for List Processing, ANL-7149, Applied Mathematics Division, Argonne National Laboratories,
- REPORT, W. R., Cowell, M. C., Reed, October 1965, A Checker-Playing Program for the IPL-VC Computer, ANL-7109, Applied Mathematics Division, Argonne National Laboratories,
- REPORT, Donald, Hodges, May 1964, IPL-VC: A Computer System having the IPL-V Instruction Set, ANL-6888, Applied Mathematics Division, Argonne National Laboratories,
- BOOK, Sammet, Jean E., Programming languages: history and fundamentals, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969, 388{{en dash, 400}}
- CONFERENCE, Shaw, J. C., Newell, A., Simon, H. A., Ellis, T. O., A Command Structure for Complex Information Processing, 1958, Association for Computing Machinery, 9781450378642, 10.1145/1457769.1457803, Proceedings of the May 6â8, 1958, Western Joint Computer Conference: Contrasts in Computers, IRE-ACM-AIEE '58 (Western), 119128,
Further reading
- CONFERENCE, Newell, Allen, Shaw, J. C., Programming the Logic Theory Machine, 1957, Association for Computing Machinery, 9781450378611, Papers Presented at the February 26â28, 1957, Western Joint Computer Conference: Techniques for Reliability, 230â240, IRE-AIEE-ACM '57 (Western)
doi-access=free , - JOURNAL, Newell, Allen, Tonge, Fred M., An Introduction to Information Processing Language V, 1960, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3, 4, 0001-0782, 10.1145/367177.367205, Communications of the ACM
s2cid=16609075, free, - BOOK, Newell, Allen, Tonge, Fred M., Feigenbaum, Edward A., Green Jr., Bert F., Mealy, George H., 2, Information Processing Language-V Manual, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964,
- BOOK, Samuel, Arthur L., Advances in Computers Volume 1, Programming Computers to Play Games, Advances in Computers, 1, Alt, Franz L., Elsevier, 165â192, 1960, 0065-2458
isbn=9780120121014, External links
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050101091320weblink">Allen Newell, "Biographical Memoirs", National Academy of Sciences (includes a short section on IPL)
- IPL documents from BitSavers
- Influence of IPL on LISP
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- "Information Processing Language" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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