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RAND Corporation
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{{Short description|American global policy think tank founded in 1948}}{{Distinguish|American Research and Development Corporation|Remington Rand|Ingersoll Rand|Sperry Rand}}{{Redirect|RAND|other uses|Rand (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}









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name RAND Corporation| native_name =



200px)(File:Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG|200px)| alt = | caption = Headquarters in Santa Monica| map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = Spin-off of Project RAND, a former partnership between Douglas Aircraft Company and the United States Air Force until incorporation as a nonprofit and gaining independence from both.| successor =
    | extinction = | merger =     		think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firmMEDVETZ DATE=2012 URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=KUH_VUW1WISC&PG=PA26 PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS PAGE=26, 25 April 2015, | tax_id = 95-1958142 | registration_id = | status = Nonprofit corporation {edih}| headquarters = Santa Monica, California, U.S.| location = 34.009599type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}} | region = Worldwide| services = | products = | methods = | fields = | membership = | membership_year = | language = | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = President and CEOJason Gaverick MathenyRAND LEADERSHIP PUBLISHER=RAND CORPORATION, 8 June 2022, | leader_title2 = RAND Leadership
    • Jennifer Gould
    • Andrew R. Hoehn
    • Mike Januzik
    • Eric Peltz
    • Melissa Rowe
    • Robert M. Case
    }}| leader_title3 = President, RAND Europe| leader_name3 = Hans Pung| board_of_directors = * Michael E. Leiter (Chair)     		United States dollar>$390 million (2023)RAND ANNUAL REPORT 2023, P. 39 >URL=HTTPS://WWW.RAND.ORG/PUBS/CORPORATE_PUBS/CPA1065-4.HTML ACCESS-DATE=24 APRIL 2024, | disbursements = NumerousUnited States dollar>$427 million (2023)As of September 20, 2023. HTTPS://WWW.RAND.ORG/PUBS/CORPORATE_PUBS/CPA1263.HTML >TITLE= RAND CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FISCAL YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 AND 2022 DATE=APRIL 8, 2024, April 24, 2024, PUBLISHER=RAND ACCESS-DATE=APRIL 24, 2024, PUBLISHER=RAND ACCESS-DATE=24 APRIL 2024, | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | mission = www.rand.org/}} | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }}The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) across multiple fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care.The RAND Corporation originated as “Project RAND” (from the phrase “research and development“) in the postwar period immediately after World War II.BOOK, Abella, Alex, Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire, 2009, Mariner Books, Boston and New York, 978-0-15-603344-2, 13,books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13, 31 October 2021, RAND History and Mission. Accessed 13 April 2009. The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons.BOOK, Johnson, Stephen B., The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965, 2002, Diane Publishing Co., 32, 978-1-4289-9027-2,books.google.com/books?id=3HgQp6f9yGQC&pg=PA32, Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare. Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs.WEB, RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile,www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142, 2023-03-10, www.guidestar.org, It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a “think tank”.RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments,JOURNAL, 10 April 2024, 2023 RAND Annual Report,www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CPA1065-4.html, RAND Corporation, 25 April 2024, corporations,WEB, How We’re Funded,www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry, 16 January 2015, RAND Corp, universities, charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, by foreign governments.WEB, Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa, California 90401-3208, How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research,www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html, 2023-03-10, www.rand.org, en,

    Overview

    RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts.WEB, RAND Locations,www.rand.org/about/locations.html, RAND Corp, 10 May 2017, The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom; Brussels, Belgium; and Rotterdam, Netherlands.WEB, RAND Europe Contact Information,www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html, RAND Corp, 16 January 2015, RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia.WEB, RAND Locations: Canberra Office,www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html, RAND Corp, 16 January 2015, RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus is at RAND’s Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world’s largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.WEB, Pardee RAND History,www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html, Pardee RAND Graduate School, 21 February 2014, Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training. RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by a RAND staff member.WEB, RAND at a Glance,www.rand.org/about/glance.html, RAND Corp, 31 December 2013, RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.WEB, The RAND Journal of Economics,www.rje.org, 2023-05-21, www.rje.org, Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.WEB, Sarabi, Brigette, Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available,www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available, Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ), 15 April 2008, 1 January 2005, 18 January 2015,www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available," title="archive.today/20150118215449www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available,">archive.today/20150118215449www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available, dead, WEB, Harvard University Institute of Politics,www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551, Guide for Political Internships, Harvard University, 18 April 2008,

    History

    Project RAND

    RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions. The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a fateful conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm.BOOK, Abella, Alex, Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire, 2009, Mariner Books, Boston and New York, 978-0-15-603344-2, 11,books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11, 31 October 2021, Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, “I know just what you’re going to tell me. It’s the most important thing we can do.“BOOK, Abella, Alex, Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire, 2009, Mariner Books, Boston and New York, 978-0-15-603344-2, 12,books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12, 31 October 2021, With Arnold’s blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm’s proposed project.Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from “research and development”. Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project’s first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself. He later became RAND’s first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.NEWS, Oliver, Myrna, Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp.,www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html, 17 November 2021, Los Angeles Times, 14 February 1990, On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945.BOOK, Johnson, Stephen B, The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965, 2002, Diane Publishing, 978-1-4289-9027-2, 32,www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf, 16 January 2015, 23 November 2016,www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161123160934www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161123160934www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf, dead, In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.

    RAND Corporation

    By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation. Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care.BOOK, Jardini, David R., Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975, 2013, 10,www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765, In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods.BOOK, Flood, Joe, The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities, 2011, 205,www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/, RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory.BOOK, Twing, Steven W., Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998, 1-55587-766-4,books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163, Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a “winnable” nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn’s being one of the models for the titular character of the film (Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb|Dr. Strangelove), in which RAND is spoofed as the “BLAND Corporation”.NEWS,www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html, The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts, Hanks, Robert, 19 December 2007, The Independent, London, 24 June 2009, NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1, Truth Stranger Than ‘Strangelove’, Kaplan, Fred, Fred Kaplan (journalist), 10 October 2004, The New York Times, 24 June 2009, Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.WEB,www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1, The Space Review: LBJ’s Space Race: What we didn’t know then (Part 1), RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a “think tank”. Accordingly, RAND served as the “prototype” for the modern definition of that term.

    Achievements

    missing image!
    - RANDPittsburgh.jpg -
    RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    The achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States’ space program,BOOK, Davies, Merton E., Hams, William R., RAND’s Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology, September 1988, RAND Corp,apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf,www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304002423www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160304002423www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf, live, 4 March 2016, 16 January 2015, in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet.WEB, Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient,internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran, Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, 16 January 2015, 2012, RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.BOOK, Perla, Peter P., The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists, 1990, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Md., 0-87021-050-5, 114–118,books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116, 16 January 2015, BOOK, Perry, Walter L., Pirnie, Bruce R., Gordon, John, Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame, 1999, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, 0-8330-2688-7,www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html, 16 January 2015, Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.WEB, Policy Experts,www.rand.org/about/people.html, RAND Corp, 16 January 2015, RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.WEB, RAND’s Health Insurance Experiment (HIE),www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html, RAND Corp, 16 January 2015, JOURNAL, Herdman, Roger C., Behney, Clyde J., Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment, Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing, September 1993, Princeton University, 23–38,www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9310/9310.PDF, 16 January 2015, In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative,WEB,www.rand.org/topics/gun-policy.html, Gun Policy, which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020The Science of Gun Policy A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Second Edition analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These were used to determine the level of scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy.

    Controversies

    Almost since its inception, the RAND Corporation has been involved{{how|date=May 2024}} in controversial issues—and its reports, recommendations and influence have been the subject of extensive public debate and controversy. Among these have been: Commentary: The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara,” June 10, 2016, War on the Rocks, -- reviewed by Matthew Fay in “Rationalizing McNamara’s Legacy,” August 5, 2016, Niskanen Center; Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P. Wong, at “In Defense of Defense Analysis,” September 2, 2016, The RAND Blog, RAND Corporation; retrieved November 24, 2022Wyne, Ali (RAND Corporation) opinion essay: “A new world order will likely arise only from calamity,” July 24, 2018, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022 - In December 2023, the RAND Corporation was designated as “undesirable” in Russia.WEB, December 7, 2023, Russia Outlaws U.S.-Based RAND Corporation as ‘Undesirable’,themoscowtimes.com/2023/12/07/russia-outlaws-us-based-rand-corporation-as-undesirable-a83355, The Moscow Times, The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2011, Riverhead Books, -- summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32, retrieved November 24, 2022

    Notable participants

    missing image!
    - JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif -
    John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND CorporationLife Magazine, 25 February 1957, “Passing of a Great Mind”, by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104

    See also

    References

    {{Reflist|30em}}

    Further reading

    Books

    • Alex Abella. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover; {{ISBN|0-15-101081-1}} / 2009, Mariner Books paperback reprint edition; {{ISBN|0-15-603344-5}}).
    • S.M. Amadae. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, University of Chicago Press paperback; {{ISBN|0-226-01654-4}} / hardcover; {{ISBN|0-226-01653-6}}).
    • Martin J. Collins. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; {{ISBN|1-58834-086-4}})
    • Joe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, {{ISBN|1-59448-898-3|9781594488986}}—summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32.
    • Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; {{ISBN|978-0-674-01714-6}})
    • Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes (editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000, The MIT Press hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology; {{ISBN|0-262-08285-3}} / 2011, paperback reprint edition; {{ISBN|0-262-51604-7}}).
    • David Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975 (2013, Smashwords; Amazon Kindle; {{ISBN|978-1-301-15851-5}}).
    • Fred Kaplan. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, Simon & Schuster hardcover, first printing; {{ISBN|0-671-42444-0}} / 1991, Stanford University Press paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series; {{ISBN|0-8047-1884-9}}).
    • Edward S. Quade and Wayne I. Boucher (editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968, American Elsevier hardcover).
    • Bruce L.R. Smith. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; {{ISBN|0-674-74850-6}}).
    • Marc Trachtenberg. History and Strategy (1991, Princeton University Press paperback; {{ISBN|0-691-02343-3}} / hardcover; {{ISBN|0-691-07881-5}}).
    • Jean Loup Samaan. La Rand Corporation (2013, Cestudec Press)

    Articles

    Documentary films and broadcast programs

    External links

    {{Commons category|RAND Corporation}} {{authority control}}


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