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{{Short description|Peninsula in Europe}}{{Other uses|Crimea (disambiguation)}}{{pp|small=yes}}{{pp-protect|small=yes}}{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

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|image_alt = |map_image = Crimea (orthographic projection).svg|map_size = 220|location = Eastern EuropeBlack Sea|Sea of Azov}}45.3scale:2000000_region:UA-43|display=inline,title}}|area_km2 = 27000|highest_mount = Roman-Kosh|elevation_m = 1545|country = {{sp}}Political status of Crimea>StatusUnited Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262>Internationally recognized as Ukrainian territory occupied by the Russian Federation (see Political status of Crimea)|country1 = Ukraine (de jure but uncontrolled)Territorial dispute>Contested regions|country1_admin_divisions_1 = Northern Arabat Spit (Henichesk Raion)Autonomous Republic of CrimeaSevastopol|country1_largest_city = Sevastopol|country2 = Russia (de facto control)|country12_admin_divisions_title = Contested regions|country2_admin_divisions_1 = Republic of CrimeaSevastopol|country2_largest_city = SevastopolCrimean people>CrimeanSCRIPT-TITLE=RU:Чи�ленно�ть на�елени� Ро��ий�кой Федерации по муниципальным образовани�м на 1 �нвар� 2021 годаLANGUAGE=RURUSSIAN FEDERAL STATE STATISTICS SERVICE>ACCESS-DATE=31 JANUARY 2021ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210204121301/HTTPS://ROSSTAT.GOV.RU/STORAGE/MEDIABANK/OF43WDJN/PRPOPUL2021_SITE.XLS, dead, |population_as_of = 2021|utc_offset = +3|density_km2 = 84.6|iso_code = UA-43}}(File:Satellite picture of Crimea, Terra-MODIS, 05-16-2015.jpg|thumb|May 2015 satellite image of the Crimean Peninsula)Crimea{{efn|{{bulleted list||||}}}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=Crimea pronunciation.mp3|k|r|aɪ|ˈ|m|i�|ə}} {{Respell|kry|MEE|ə}}) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukraine. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. The Arabat Spit, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the Syvash lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey. The largest city is Sevastopol. The region has a population of 2.4 million, and has been under Russian occupation since 2014.Called the Tauric Peninsula until the early modern period, Crimea has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the steppe. Greeks colonized its southern fringe and were absorbed by the Roman and Byzantine Empires and successor states while remaining culturally Greek. Some cities became trading colonies of Genoa, until conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Throughout this time the interior was occupied by a changing cast of steppe nomads, coming under the control of the Golden Horde in the 13th century from which the Crimean Khanate emerged as a successor state. In the 15th century, the Khanate became a dependency of the Ottoman Empire. Lands controlled by Russia{{efn|Russia underwent a series of political changes in the period of the raids. The Grand Duchy of Moscow overthrew Turco-Mongol lordship, and expanded into the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. From 1721, following the reforms of Peter the Great, it was the Russian Empire.}} and Poland-Lithuania were often the target of slave raids during this period. In 1783, the Russian Empire annexed Crimea after an earlier war with Turkey. Crimea’s strategic position led to the 1854 Crimean War and many short lived regimes following the 1917 Russian Revolution. When the Bolsheviks secured Crimea, it became an autonomous soviet republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It was occupied by Germany during World War II. When the Soviets retook it in 1944, Crimean Tatars were ethnically cleansed and deported under the orders of Joseph Stalin, in what has been described as a cultural genocide. Crimea was downgraded to an oblast in 1945. In 1954, the USSR transferred the oblast to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on the 300th anniversary of the Pereyaslav Treaty in 1654.After Ukrainian independence in 1991, the central government and the Republic of Crimea clashed, with the region being granted more autonomy. The Soviet fleet in Crimea was also in contention, but a 1997 treaty allowed Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol. In 2014, the peninsula was occupied by Russian forces and annexed by Russia, but most countries recognise Crimea as Ukrainian territory.

Name

In English, the omission of the definite article in English (“Crimea� rather than “the Crimea“) became common during the later 20th century.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}The spelling “Crimea� is from the Italian form, , since at least the 17th centuryMaiolino Bisaccioni, Giacomo Pecini, Historia delle guerre ciuili di questi vltimi tempi, cioe, d’Inghilterra, Catalogna, Portogallo, Palermo, Napoli, Fermo, Moldauia, Polonia, Suizzeri, Francia, Turco. per Francesco Storti. Alla Fortezza, sotto il portico de’ Berettari, 1655, p. 349: “dalla fortuna de Cosacchi dipendeva la sicurezza della Crimea�. Nicolò Beregani, Historia delle guerre d’Europa, Volume 2 (1683), p. 251. and the “Crimean peninsula� becomes current during the 18th century, gradually replacing the classical name of Tauric Peninsula in the course of the 19th century.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=oY1h2Pa1kaUC&pg=PA364, The Annual Register or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1783, J. Dodsley, 1785, 9781615403851, 364, State Papers, {{Better source needed|reason=this primary source doesn’t directly support the statement|date=December 2023}} In English usage since the early modern period the Crimean Khanate is referred to as Crim Tartary.Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 1, 306f. “the peninsula of Crim Tartary, known to the ancients under the name of Chersonesus Taurica�; ibid. Volume 10 (1788), p. 211: “The modern reader must not confound this old Cherson of the Tauric or Crimean peninsula with a new city of the same name�. See also John Millhouse, English-Italian (1859), p. 597Today, the Crimean Tatar name of the peninsula is Qırım, while the Russian is Крым (Krym), and the Ukrainian is Крим (Krym).The city Staryi Krym (’Old Crimea’),William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), s.v. Taurica Chersonesus. vol. ii, p. 1109. served as a capital of the Crimean province of the Golden Horde. Between 1315 and 1329 CE, the Arab writer Abū al-Fid� recounted a political fight in 1300–1301 CE which resulted in a rival’s decapitation and his head being sent “to the Crimea�,Abū al-Fid�, Mukhtaṣar t�ʾrīkh al-bashar (“A Brief History of Mankind�), 1315–1329; English translation of chronicle contemporaneous with Abū al-Fid� in The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince : Abul̓-Fid�,̕ sultan of Ḥam�h (672-732/1273-1331) by Peter M. Holt, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1983, pp. 38–39. apparently in reference to the peninsula,Edward Allworth, The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents, Duke University Press, 1998, p.6 although some sources hold that the name of the capital was extended to the entire peninsula at some point during Ottoman suzerainty (1441–1783).W. Radloff, Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte (1888), ii. 745The word {{transliteration|crh|Qırım}} is derived from the Turkic term {{transliteration|crh|qirum}} (“fosse, trench“), from {{transliteration|crh|qori-}} (“to fence, protect“).George Vernadsky, Michael Karpovich, A History of Russia, Yale University Press, 1952, p. 53. Quote:

• â€�The name Crimea is to be derived from the Turkish word qirim (hence the Russian krym), which means “fosseâ€� and refers more specifically to the Perekop Isthmus, the old Russian word perekop being an exact translation of the Turkish qirim.The Proto-Turkic root is cited as kÅ�rɨ- “to fence, protectâ€� Starling (citing СевортÑ�н Э. Ð’. и др. [E. W. Sewortyan et al.], ЭтимологичеÑ�кий Ñ�ловарь тюркÑ�ких Ñ�зыков [An Etymological Dictionary of the Turkic languages] (1974–2000) 6, 76–78).Edward Allworth, The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents, Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 5–7

Another classical name for Crimea, Tauris or Taurica, is from the Greek Ταυ�ική (Taurikḗ), after the peninsula’s Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the Tauri. The name was revived by the Russian Empire during the mass hellenization of Crimean Tatar place names after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate, including both the peninsula and mainland territories now in Ukraine’s Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts.Edith Hall, Adventures with Iphigenia in Tauris (2013), p. 176:“it was indeed at some point between the 1730s and the 1770s that the dream of recreating ancient ‘Taurida’ in the southern Crimea was conceived. Catherine’s plan was to create a paradisiacal imperial ‘garden’ there, and her Greek archbishop Eugenios Voulgaris obliged by inventing a new etymology for the old name of Tauris, deriving it from taphros, which (he claimed) was the ancient Greek for a ditch dug by human hands.� In 1764 imperial authorities established the Taurida Oblast ({{Transliteration|ru|Tavricheskaia oblast}}), and reorganized it as the Taurida Governorate in 1802. While the Soviets replaced it with Krym (; ) depriving it of official status since 1921, it is still used by some institutions in Crimea, such as the Taurida National University established by the Crimean Regional Government in 1918, the Tavriya Simferopol football club so named in 1963, and the Tavrida federal highway being built under Russian occupation from 2017.Other suggestions either unsupported or contradicted by sources, apparently based on similarity in sound, include:

1. the name of the Cimmerians, although this derivation is however no longer generally held.{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=558}}
2. a derivation from the Greek Cremnoi (Κ�ημνοί, in post-classical Koiné Greek pronunciation, Crimni, i.e., “the Cliffs�, a port on Lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) cited by Herodotus in The Histories 4.20.1 and 4.110.2).A. D. (Alfred Denis) Godley. Herodotus. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. vol. 2, 1921, p. 221. However, Herodotus identifies the port not in Crimea, but as being on the west coast of the Sea of Azov. No evidence has been identified that this name was ever in use for the peninsula.

1. The Turkic term (e.g., in ) is related to the Mongolian appellation kerm “wall�, but sources indicate that the Mongolian appellation of the Crimean peninsula of Qaram is phonetically incompatible with kerm/kerem and therefore deriving from another original term.See John Richard Krueger, specialist in the studies of Chuvash, Yakut, and the Mongolian languages in Edward Allworth, The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents, Duke University Press, 1998, p. 24.Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, BRILL, 2011, p.753, n. 102.The Mongolian kori− is explained as a loan from Turkic by Doerfer Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen 3 (1967), 450 and by Щербак, Ранние тюрк�ко-монголь�кие �зыковые �в�зи (VIII-XIV вв.) (1997) p. 141.

Strabo (Geography vii 4.3, xi. 2.5), Polybius, (Histories 4.39.4), and Ptolemy (Geographia. II, v 9.5) refer variously to the Strait of Kerch as the Κιμμε�ικὸς Βόσπο�ος (Kimmerikos Bosporos, romanized spelling: Bosporus Cimmerius), its easternmost part as the Κιμμέ�ιον Ἄκ�ον (Kimmerion Akron, Roman name: Promontorium Cimmerium),BOOK, Compiled from original authors, An Universal History,rom the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, 1779, 127–129, The History of the Bosporus,books.google.com/books?id=CCsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA129, as well as to the city of Cimmerium and thence the name of the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Κιμμε�ικοῦ Βοσπό�ου).

History

File:Sevastopol Chersonesus Basilica of 1935 IMG 0669 1725.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the ancient Greek colony of ChersonesusChersonesus

Ancient history

{{further|Bosporan Kingdom|Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|Crimea in the Roman era}}The recorded history of Crimea begins around 5th century BCE when several Greek colonies were established on its south coast, the most important of which was Chersonesos near modern-day Sevastopol, with Scythians and Tauri in the hinterland to the north. The Tauri gave the name the Tauric Peninsula, which Crimea was called into the early modern period. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the Bosporan Kingdom which was annexed by Pontus in Asia Minor and later became a client kingdom of Rome from 63 BCE to 341 CE.

Medieval history

File:Sudak, Crimea, The Genoese Fortress.jpg|thumb|Genoese fortress in Sudak, 13th century, Republic of Genoa, originally a fortified Byzantine town, seventh century]]The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the Byzantine Empire (341–1204 CE), the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461 CE), and the independent Principality of Theodoro (ended 1475 CE). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the Venetians and by the Genovese, but the interior was much less stable, enduring a long series of conquests and invasions. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by Kievan Rus’ whose prince was baptized at Sevastopol starting the Christianization of Kievan Rus’.BOOK, John Julius Norwich, A Short History of Byzantium,books.google.com/books?id=7JtvMQEACAAJ, 2013, Penguin Books, Limited, 978-0-241-95305-1, 210,

Mongol Conquest (1238–1449)

The north and centre of Crimea fell to the Mongol Golden Horde, although the south coast was still controlled by the Christian Principality of Theodoro and Genoese colonies. The Genoese–Mongol Wars were fought between the 13th and 15th centuries for control of south Crimea.Slater, Eric. “Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475.� Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 29, no. 3 (2006): 271–83. {{JSTOR|40241665}}. pp. 271

Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)

In the 1440s the Crimean Khanate formed out of the collapse of the hordeWEB, Brian Glyn Williams, The Sultan’s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire,www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf, The Jamestown Foundation, 2013, 27, 30 March 2015, dead,www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20131021092115www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20131021092115www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf, 21 October 2013, but quite rapidly itself became subject to the Ottoman Empire, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times were frequents raids into Russia for slaves.

Russian Empire (1783–1917)

{{see also|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|Novorossiya|Taurida Governorate}}File:Siege of Sevastopol by George Baxter.jpg|thumb|The 11-month siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean WarCrimean WarIn 1774, the Ottoman Empire was defeated by Catherine the Great with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca making the Tatars of the Crimea politically independent. Catherine the Great’s incorporation of the Crimea in 1783 into the Russian Empire increased Russia’s power in the Black Sea area.JOURNAL, 4205010, The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783-4, M. S. Anderson, The Slavonic and East European Review, December 1958, 37, 88, 17–41, which would later see Russia’s frontier expand westwards to the Dniester.From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the Crimean War, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.JOURNAL, Crimean War (1853–1856), Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War, 2008, 2,www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html, dead,www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150416183025www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150416183025www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html, 16 April 2015,

Russian Civil War (1917–1921)

During the Russian Civil War, Crimea changed hands many times and was where Wrangel’s anti-Bolshevik White Army made their last stand. Many anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaped to Istanbul but up to 150,000 were killed in Crimea.

Soviet Union (1921–1991)

{{see also|Crimea in the Soviet Union|Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union}}File:Jalta-confer.jpg|thumb|The “Big Three� at the Yalta Conference in Crimea: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph StalinJoseph StalinIn 1921 the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.WEB,www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html, History, 28 March 2007, blacksea-crimea.com,www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070404102214www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070404102214www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html, 4 April 2007, dead, It was occupied by Germany from 1942 to 1944 during the Second World War. After the Soviets regained control in 1944, they deported the Crimean Tartars and several other nationalities to elsewhere in the USSR. The autonomous republic was dissolved in 1945, and Crimea became an oblast of the Russian SFSR. It was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954, on the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Pereyaslav.

Ukraine (since 1991)

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991 most of the peninsula was reorganized as the Republic of Crimea,The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy By Mark Clarence Walke (page 107)National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia edited by Roman Szporluk (page 174) Pro-Russian and pro-autonomy forces dominated the republic’s government until it was forcibly abolished by Ukraine in 1995 with the Autonomous Republic of Crimea established firmly under Ukrainian authority.BOOK, Paul Kolstoe, Andrei Edemsky, Russians in the Former Soviet Republics,books.google.com/books?id=i1C2MHgujb4C&pg=PA194, January 1995, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 978-1-85065-206-9, 194, The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine, BOOK, Doyle, Don H., Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America’s Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements, 2010, University of Georgia Press, 9780820337371, 285, A 1997 treaty partitioned the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol, with the lease extended in 2010.

Russian occupation (from 2014)

{{further|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Crimea attacks (2022–present)}}{{POV section|date=October 2022}}File:2015. Орджоникидзе 019.jpg|thumb|Tourists in Crimea with Russian flag flying, June 2015]]In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the removal of the Russia-leaning Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych in Kyiv.NEWS, Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead,www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/26/ukraine-new-leader-disbands-riot-police-crimea-separatism, The Guardian, 26 February 2014, 27 February 2014, Protests culminated in Russian forces occupying strategic points in CrimeaNEWS,www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html?_r=0, Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea, Andrew Higgins, Steven Erlanger, The New York Times, 27 February 2014, 25 June 2022, and the Russian-organized Republic of Crimea declared independence from Ukraine following an illegal and internationally unrecognized referendum supporting reunification.Marxsen, Christian (2014). The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective. Max-Planck-Institut. Retrieved 25 June 2022. Russia then annexed Crimea, although most countries (100 votes in favour, 11 against, 58 abstentions) continued to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.NEWS, General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region, UN Press, 27 March 2014,press.un.org/en/2014/ga11493.doc.htm, {{primary source inline|date=December 2023}}

Geography

{{Location map+|Crimea|relief=1|width=350|places={{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|44|23|14|N|33|44|17|E}}|label=Sarych}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|44|57|7|N|34|6|8|E}}|label=Simferopol}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|44|36|N|33|32|E}}|label=Sevastopol}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|45|21|43|N|36|28|16|E}}|label=Kerch}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|46|08|58|N|33|40|20|E}}|label=Isthmus of Perekop|position=left}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{Coord|45|22|58|N|36|38|43|E}}|label=Cape Fonar|position=top}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|45.40|32.48}}|label=Cape Priboiny}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|45|48|N|32|37|E}}|label=Karkinit Bay|mark=Blue pog.svg}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|46|05|N|34|20|E}}|label=Syvash|mark=Blue pog.svg}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|45|03|N|33|28|E}}|label=Kalamita Bay|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|44.5|36.25}}|label=Black Sea|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=bottom}}{{Location map~|Crimea|coordinates={{coord|46|36.25}}|label={{nowrap|Sea of Azov}}|mark=Blue pog.svg|position=top}}|caption = Geography of Crimea}}{{further|East European Plain|Black Sea Lowland}}Covering an area of {{convert|27000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western coast of the Sea of Azov; the only land border is shared with Ukraine’s Kherson Oblast on the north. Crimea is almost an island and only connected to the continent by the Isthmus of Perekop, a strip of land about {{convert|5|–|7|km|mi|1}} wide.Much of the natural border between the Crimean Peninsula and the Ukrainian mainland comprises the Syvash or “Rotten Sea�, a large system of shallow lagoons stretching along the western shore of the Sea of Azov. Besides the isthmus of Perekop, the peninsula is connected to the Kherson Oblast’s Henichesk Raion by bridges over the narrow Chonhar and Henichesk straits and over Kerch Strait to the Krasnodar Krai. The northern part of Arabat Spit is administratively part of Henichesk Raion in Kherson Oblast, including its two rural communities of Shchaslyvtseve and Strilkove. The eastern tip of the Crimean peninsula comprises the Kerch Peninsula, separated from Taman Peninsula on the Russian mainland by the Kerch Strait, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, at a width of between {{convert|3|–|13|km|mi|1}}.Geographers generally divide the peninsula into three zones: the steppe, the Crimean Mountains, and the Southern Coast.

Places

{{Location map+ | CrimeaRelief map of Crimea (disputed status).jpgfloat=right|width=350| caption =Places in Crimea| places ={{Location map~|Crimea|lat=46.17|long=33.69|label=Perekop}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.50|long=32.70|label=Chornomorske}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.33|long=33.00|label=Donuzlav}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.19|long=33.37|label=Yevpatoria}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.60|long=33.53|label=Sevastopol|position=left}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.50|long=33.60|label=Balaklava|position=left}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.39|long=33.79|label=Foros|position=bottom}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.42|long=34.04|label=Alupka}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.50|long=34.17|label=Yalta|position=left}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.55|long=34.29|label=Gurzuf}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.67|long=34.40|label=Alushta}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.85|long=34.97|label=Sudak}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.05|long=35.38|label=Feodosia}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.36|long=36.47|label=Kerch}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.59|long=33.81|label=Mangup}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.75|long=33.86|label=Bakhchysarai}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=44.95|long=34.10|label=Simferopol}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.05|long=34.60|label=Karasu|position=top}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.03|long=35.09|label=StaryKrym|position=top}}{{Location map~|Crimea|lat=45.71|long=34.39|label=Dzhankoy|position=bottom}}}}Given its long history and many conquerors, most towns in Crimea have several names.West: The Isthmus of Perekop/Perekop/Or Qapi, about {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} wide, connects Crimea to the mainland. It was often fortified and sometimes garrisoned by the Turks. The North Crimean Canal now crosses it to bring water from the Dnieper. To the west Karkinit Bay separates the Tarkhankut Peninsula from the mainland. On the north side of the peninsula is Chernomorskoe/Kalos Limen. On the south side is the large Donuzlav Bay and the port and ancient Greek settlement of Yevpatoria/Kerkinitis/Gözleve. The coast then runs south to Sevastopol/Chersonesus, a good natural harbor, great naval base and the largest city on the peninsula. At the head of Sevastopol Bay stands Inkermann/Kalamita. South of Sevastopol is the small Heracles Peninsula.File:Mountains by the sea, Горы на побережье, море, Судак, Крым, Crimea.jpg|thumb|Coastline between Sudak and Novy SvetNovy SvetSouth: In the south, between the Crimean Mountains and the sea runs a narrow coastal strip which was held by the Genoese and (after 1475) by the Turks. Under Russian rule it became a kind of riviera. In Soviet times the many palaces were replaced with dachas and health resorts. From west to east are: Heracles Peninsula; Balaklava/Symbalon/Cembalo, a smaller natural harbor south of Sevastopol; Foros, the southernmost point; Alupka with the Vorontsov Palace (Alupka); Gaspra; Yalta; Gurzuf; Alushta. Further east is Sudak/Sougdia/Soldaia with its Genoese fort. Further east still is Theodosia/Kaffa/Feodosia, once a great slave-mart and a kind of capital for the Genoese and Turks. Unlike the other southern ports, Feodosia has no mountains to its north. At the east end of the {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} Kerch Peninsula is Kerch/Panticapaeum, once the capital of the Bosporian Kingdom. Just south of Kerch the new Crimean Bridge (opened in 2018) connects Crimea to the Taman Peninsula.Sea of Azov: There is little on the south shore. The west shore is marked by the Arabat Spit. Behind it is the Syvash or “Putrid Sea�, a system of lakes and marshes which in the far north extend west to the Perekop Isthmus. Road- and rail-bridges cross the northern part of Syvash.Interior: Most of the former capitals of Crimea stood on the north side of the mountains. Mangup/Doros (Gothic, Theodoro). Bakhchysarai (1532–1783).Southeast of Bakhchysarai is the cliff-fort of Chufut-Kale/Qirq Or which was used in more warlike times. Simferopol/Ak-Mechet, the modern capital. Karasu-Bazar/Bilohorsk was a commercial center. Solkhat/Staryi Krym was the old Tatar capital. Towns on the northern steppe area are all modern, notably Dzhankoi, a major road- and rail-junction.Rivers: The longest is the Salhyr, which rises southeast of Simferopol and flows north and northeast to the Sea of Azov. The Alma flows west to reach the Black Sea between Yevpatoria and Sevastopol. The shorter Chornaya flows west to Sevastopol Bay.Nearby: East of the Kerch Strait the Ancient Greeks founded colonies at Phanagoria (at the head of Taman Bay), Hermonassa (later Tmutarakan and Taman), Gorgippia (later a Turkish port and now Anapa). At the northeast point of the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Don River were Tanais, Azak/Azov and now Rostov-on-Don. North of the peninsula the Dnieper turns westward and enters the Black Sea through the east–west Dnieper-Bug Estuary which also receives the Bug River. At the mouth of the Bug stood Olvia. At the mouth of the estuary is Ochakiv. Odesa stands where the coast turns southwest. Further southwest is Tyras/Akkerman/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi.

Crimean Mountains

(File:Eclizee-burun-mountain.jpg|thumb|Eclizee-Burun Mountain)The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of {{convert|8|–|12|km|mi|1}} from the sea by a parallel range of mountains: the Crimean Mountains.The Crimean Mountains may also be referred to as the Yaylâ Dağ or Alpine Meadow Mountains. These mountains are backed by secondary parallel ranges.The main range of these mountains rises with extraordinary abruptness from the deep floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of {{convert|600|–|1545|m|ft|0}}, beginning at the southwest point of the peninsula, called Cape Fiolent. Some Greek myths state that this cape was supposedly crowned with the temple of Artemis where Iphigeneia officiated as priestess.EB1911, Crimea, 07, Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch, Peter Kropotkin, Bealby, John Thomas, 449–450; see line one, ...ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim, Uchan-su, on the south slope of the mountains, is the highest waterfall in Crimea.NEWS,extremetime.ru/en/tours/krim_3kaniona.aspx, extremetime.ru, Three canyons trekking (Chernorechensky Canyon, Uzunja Canyon and Grand Crimean Canyon). Journey by a mountainous part of Crimea., 1 May 2016,

Hydrography

{{redirect-distinguish|Crimea river|Cry Me a River (disambiguation){{!}}Cry Me a River}}There are 257 rivers and major streams on the Crimean peninsula; they are primarily fed by rainwater, with snowmelt playing a very minor role. This makes for significant seasonal fluctuation in water flow, with many streams drying up completely during the summer.BOOK, Jaoshvili, Shalva, 2002, The rivers of the Black Sea, Copenhagen, European Environment Agency, 15, 891861999,edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/eua/02/C__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf,edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/eua/02/C__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160310073738edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/eua/02/C__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160310073738edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/eua/02/C__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf, 10 March 2016, live, The largest rivers are the Salhyr (Salğır, Салгир), the Kacha (Кача), the Alma (�льма), and the Belbek (Бельбек). Also important are the Kokozka (Kökköz or Коккозка), the Indole (Indol or Индо�л), the Chorna (Çorğun, Chernaya or Чёрна�), the Derekoika (Dereköy or Дерекойка),WEB, Дерекойка, река, Derekoika river, Путеводитель по отдыху в Ялте,jalita.com/big_yalta/yalta/derekoika.shtml, the Karasu-Bashi (Biyuk-Karasu or Биюк-Кара�у) (a tributary of the Salhyr river), the Burulcha (Бурульча) (also a tributary of the Salhyr), the Uchan-su, and the Ulu-Uzen’. The longest river of Crimea is the Salhyr at {{convert|204|km|mi|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}. The Belbek has the greatest average discharge at {{convert|2.16|m3/s|ft3/s}}.{{harvnb|Jaoshvili|2002|page= 34}} The Alma and the Kacha are the second- and third-longest rivers.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Alma, Kacha River, 2014, Grinevetsky, Sergei R., The Black Sea Encyclopedia, Berlin, Springer, 38 and 390, 978-3-642-55226-7, etal, File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png|right|thumb|Following Russia’s annexation of Crimea, Ukraine blocked the North Crimean CanalNorth Crimean CanalThere are more than fifty salt lakes and salt pans on the peninsula. The largest of them is Lake Sasyk (Са�ык) on the southwest coast; others include Aqtas, Koyashskoye, Kiyatskoe, Kirleutskoe, Kizil-Yar, Bakalskoe, and Donuzlav.JOURNAL, Mirzoyeva, Natalya, 2015, Radionuclides and mercury in the salt lakes of the Crimea, Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 33, 6, 1413–1425, 10.1007/s00343-015-4374-5, 2015ChJOL..33.1413M, 131703200, etal, The general trend is for the former lakes to become salt pans.BOOK, Kayukova, Elena, Thermal and Mineral Waters, 2014, Resources of Curative Mud of the Crimea Peninsula, Balderer, Werner, Porowski, Adam, Idris, Hussein, LaMoreaux, James W., 61–72, Berlin, Springer, 978-3-642-28823-4, 10.1007/978-3-642-28824-1_6, Lake Syvash (Sıvaş or Сива�ш) is a system of interconnected shallow lagoons on the north-eastern coast, covering an area of around {{convert|2560|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}. A number of dams have created reservoirs; among the largest are the Simferopolskoye, Alminskoye,WEB, Bogutskaya, Nina, Hales, Jennifer, 426: Crimea Peninsula, Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, The Nature Conservancy,www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/crimea_peninsula, 10 March 2016,www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Crimea_Peninsula," title="web.archive.org/web/20170116162528www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Crimea_Peninsula,">web.archive.org/web/20170116162528www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Crimea_Peninsula, 16 January 2017, dead, the Taygansky and the Belogorsky just south of Bilohirsk in Bilohirsk Raion.NEWS, In Crimea has receded one of the largest reservoirs, 19 October 2015, News from Ukraine,en.reporter-ua.ru/in-crimea-has-receded-one-of-the-largest-reservoirs.html, 10 March 2016, 23 May 2016,arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523160806/http://en.reporter-ua.ru/in-crimea-has-receded-one-of-the-largest-reservoirs.html, dead, The North Crimea Canal, which transports water from the Dnieper, is the largest of the man-made irrigation channels on the peninsula.Tymchenko, Z. North Crimean Canal. History of construction. (Russian) Ukrainska Pravda. 13 May 2014 (Krymskiye izvestiya. November 2012) Crimea was facing an unprecedented water shortage crisis following the blocking of the canal by Ukaine in 2014.NEWS, Pray For Rain: Crimea’s Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv,www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 29 March 2020, NEWS, Crimea Drills For Water As Crisis Deepens In Parched Peninsula,www.rferl.org/a/ukraine--crimea-water-shortage-drought/30903039.html, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 25 October 2020, After the 2022 Russian invasion, the flow of water was restored however the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam could lead to problems with water supply again.

Steppe

Seventy-five percent of the remaining area of Crimea consists of semiarid prairie lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, which slope gently to the northwest from the foothills of the Crimean Mountains.Numerous kurgans, or burial mounds, of the ancient Scythians are scattered across the Crimean steppes.

Southern Coast

File:Ялта Южный берег ДДима.jpg|thumb|The Crimean Mountains in the background and Yalta as seen from the Tsar’s PathTsar’s PathThe terrain that lies south of the sheltering Crimean Mountain range is of an altogether different character. Here, the narrow strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are covered with greenery. This “riviera� stretches along the southeast coast from capes Fiolent and Aya, in the south, to Feodosia. There are many summer sea-bathing resorts such as Alupka, Yalta, Gurzuf, Alushta, Sudak, and Feodosia. During the years of Soviet rule, the resorts and dachas of this coast served as prime perquisites of the politically loyal.{{Citation needed|reason=Politically loyal, like whom? Served as prime perquisites, according to whom?|date=December 2012}} In addition, vineyards and fruit orchards are located in the region. Fishing, mining, and the production of essential oils are also important. Numerous Crimean Tatar villages, mosques, monasteries, and palaces of the Russian imperial family and nobles are found here, as well as picturesque ancient Greek and medieval castles.The Crimean Mountains and the southern coast are part of the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion. The natural vegetation consists of scrublands, woodlands, and forests, with a climate and vegetation similar to the Mediterranean Basin.

Climate

(File:Novyi Svit IMG 2941 1725.jpg|thumb|Crimea’s Southern Coast has a subtropical climate)Crimea is located between the temperate and subtropical climate belts and is characterized by warm and sunny weather.WEB,old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=28&par=8&f=us,old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=28&par=8&f=us," title="web.archive.org/web/20100901153138old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=28&par=8&f=us,">web.archive.org/web/20100901153138old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=28&par=8&f=us, 1 September 2010, Description of the Crimean Climate, Autonomous Republic of Crimea Information Portal, 1 October 2016, dead, It is characterized by diversity and the presence of microclimates. The northern parts of Crimea have a moderate continental climate with short but cold winters and moderately hot dry summers.WEB,old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=27&par=8&art=3&date=&f=us,old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=27&par=8&art=3&date=&f=us," title="web.archive.org/web/20100903233704old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=27&par=8&art=3&date=&f=us,">web.archive.org/web/20100903233704old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=27&par=8&art=3&date=&f=us, 3 September 2010, Geographical Survey of the Crimean region, Autonomous Republic of Crimea Information Portal, 1 October 2016, dead, In the central and mountainous areas the climate is transitional between the continental climate to the north and the Mediterranean climate to the south. Winters are mild at lower altitudes (in the foothills) and colder at higher altitudes. Summers are hot at lower altitudes and warm in the mountains. A subtropical, Mediterranean climate dominates the southern coastal regions, is characterized by mild winters and moderately hot, dry summers.The climate of Crimea is influenced by its geographic location, relief, and influences from the Black Sea. The Southern Coast is shielded from cold air masses coming from the north and, as a result, has milder winters. Maritime influences from the Black Sea are restricted to coastal areas; in the interior of the peninsula the maritime influence is weak and does not play an important role. Because a high-pressure system is located north of Crimea in both summer and winter, winds predominantly come from the north and northeast year-round. In winter these winds bring in cold, dry continental air, while in summer they bring in dry and hot weather. Winds from the northwest bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean, causing precipitation during spring and summer. As well, winds from the southwest bring very warm and wet air from the subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea and cause precipitation during fall and winter.Mean annual temperatures range from {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}} in the far north (Armiansk) to {{convert|13|°C|°F|1}} in the far south (Yalta). In the mountains, the mean annual temperature is around {{convert|5.7|°C|°F|1}}. For every {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr= on}} increase in altitude, temperatures decrease by {{convert|0.65|C-change|2}} while precipitation increases. In January mean temperatures range from {{convert|-3|°C|°F|1}} in Armiansk to {{convert|4.4|°C|°F|1}} in Myskhor. Cool-season temperatures average around {{convert|7|°C|°F|1}} and it is rare for the weather to drop below freezing except in the mountains, where there is usually snow.WEB,www.blacksea-crimea.com/climate.html, Climate in Crimea, Weather in Yalta: How Often Does it Rain in Crimea?, Blacksea-crimea.com, 10 April 2014,www.blacksea-crimea.com/climate.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100303193251www.blacksea-crimea.com/climate.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100303193251www.blacksea-crimea.com/climate.html, 3 March 2010, dead, In July mean temperatures range from {{convert|15.4|°C|°F|1}} in Ai-Petri to {{convert|23.4|°C|°F|1}} in the central parts of Crimea to {{convert|24.4|°C|°F|1}} in Myskhor. The frost-free period ranges from 160 to 200 days in the steppe and mountain regions to 240–260 days on the south coast.Precipitation in Crimea varies significantly based on location; it ranges from {{convert|310|mm|in|1}} in Chornomorske to {{convert|1220|mm|in|1}} at the highest altitudes in the Crimean mountains. The Crimean mountains greatly influence the amount of precipitation present in the peninsula. However, most of Crimea (88.5%) receives {{convert|300|to|500|mm|in|1}} of precipitation per year. The plains usually receive {{convert|300|to|400|mm|in|1}} of precipitation per year, increasing to {{convert|560|mm|in|1}} in the southern coast at sea level. The western parts of the Crimean mountains receive more than {{convert|1000|mm|in|1}} of precipitation per year. Snowfall is common in the mountains during winter.Most of the peninsula receives more than 2,000 sunshine hours per year; it reaches up to 2,505 sunshine hours in Qarabiy yayla in the Crimean Mountains. As a result, the climate favors recreation and tourism. Because of its climate and subsidized travel-packages from Russian state-run companies, the southern coast has remained a popular resort for Russian tourists.NEWS,www.ibtimes.com/russia-ukraine-update-crimea-attracts-more-4-million-tourists-despite-annexation-2141287, International Business Times, Russia-Ukraine Update: Crimea Attracts More Than 4 Million Tourists Despite Annexation, 14 October 2015, 1 May 2016,

Strategic value

{{further|Black Sea Fleet}}File:Varangian routes.png|thumb|Map of the historical trade route (shown in purple) connecting Uppsala with Constantinople via Cherson. The major centers of Kievan Rus’ – Kyiv itself, Novgorod and Ladoga – arose along this route.]] The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide quick access to the Eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and Middle East. Historically, possession of the southern coast of Crimea was sought after by most empires of the greater region since antiquity (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Russian, British and French, Nazi German, Soviet).WEB,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10671066/What-is-the-Crimea-and-why-does-it-matter.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10671066/What-is-the-Crimea-and-why-does-it-matter.html, 10 January 2022, subscription, live, What is the Crimea, and why does it matter?, The Daily Telegraph, 2 April 2014, 10 April 2014, {{cbignore}}The nearby Dnieper River is a major waterway and transportation route that crosses the European continent from north to south and ultimately links the Black Sea with the Baltic Sea, of strategic importance since the historical trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the Caucasus region and the Caspian Sea to central and Eastern Europe.NEWS,www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2014/March/Russias-Deputy-PM-Scoffs-at-US-Sanctions/, Crimea Annexation ‘Robbery on International Scale’, CBN News, 19 March 2014, 19 March 2014, CBN News, According to the International Transport Workers’ Federation, {{as of | 2013 | lc = on}} there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea.NEWS ,

Economy

{{see also|International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis}}(File:Koreiz - beach3.jpg|thumb|Tourism is an important sector of Crimea’s economy)File:Simferopol 04-14 img18 K-Marx-Street.jpg|thumb|SimferopolSimferopolIn 2016 Crimea had Nominal GDP of US$7 billion and US$3,000 per capita.WEB,mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/, Валовой региональный продукт::МордовиÑ�Ñ�тат, mrd.gks.ru, 19 February 2018,mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/," title="web.archive.org/web/20180217021320mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/,">web.archive.org/web/20180217021320mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/, 17 February 2018, dead, The main branches of the modern Crimean economy are agriculture and fishing oysters pearls, industry and manufacturing, tourism, and ports. Industrial plants are situated for the most part in the southern coast (Yevpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch) regions of the republic, few northern (Armiansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Dzhankoi), aside from the central area, mainly Simferopol okrug and eastern region in Nizhnegorsk (few plants, same for Dzhankoj) city. Important industrial cities include Dzhankoi, housing a major railway connection, Krasnoperekopsk and Armiansk, among others.After the Russian annexation of Crimea in early 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist industry suffered major losses for two years. The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percent in the first half of 2014 over the same period of 2013.NEWS,www.rferl.org/a/tourist-season-washout-in-annexed-crimea/25446604.html, Tourist Season A Washout in Annexed Crimea, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 5 July 2014, Yurchenko, Stas, Dzhabbarov, Usein, Bigg, Claire, The number of tourist arrivals reached a record in 2012 at 6.1 million.NEWS, ru:Итоги Ñ�езона-2013 в Крыму: туриÑ�тов отпугнул Ñ�ервиÑ� и аномальное похолодание,www.segodnya.ua/regions/krym/Itogi-sezona-2013-v-Krymu-turistov-otpugnul-servis-i-anomalnoe-poholodanie-.html, 10 June 2017, Segodnya.ua, ru, According to the Russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8 million in 2014,WEB, СправочнаÑ� информациÑ� о количеÑ�тве туриÑ�тов, поÑ�етивших РеÑ�публику Крым за 2014 год,mtur.rk.gov.ru/rus/file/statistika_turizma_za_2014_god.pdf, МиниÑ�терÑ�тво курортов и туризма РеÑ�публики Крым, 10 June 2017, and rebounded to 5.6 million by 2016.WEB, СправочнаÑ� информациÑ� о количеÑ�тве туриÑ�тов, поÑ�етивших реÑ�публику крым за 2016 год,mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/spravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf, МиниÑ�терÑ�тво курортов и туризма РеÑ�публики Крым, 10 June 2017, The most important industries in Crimea include food production, chemical fields, mechanical engineering, and metalworking, and fuel production industries. Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 large industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises.In 2014, the republic’s annual GDP was $4.3 billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia’s economy). The average salary was $290 per month. The budget deficit was $1.5 billion.NEWS, Russia to cover Crimea’s $1.5 billion budget deficit with state funds- TV,www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-deficit/russia-to-cover-crimeas-1-5-billion-budget-deficit-with-state-funds-tv-idUSL6N0MG4EF20140319, 17 July 2018, Reuters, 19 March 2014,

Agriculture

Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and wine-making, particularly in the Yalta and Massandra regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding.WEB,www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361,www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361," title="web.archive.org/web/20070121174522www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361,">web.archive.org/web/20070121174522www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361, 21 January 2007, Autonomous Republic of Crimea – Information card, 22 February 2007, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, porphyry, limestone, and ironstone (found around Kerch) since ancient times.The vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) was first discovered here in 1868. First discovered on grape, it has also been found as a pest of some other crops and has since spread worldwide.JOURNAL, Daane, Kent M., Cooper, Monica L., Triapitsyn, Serguei V., Walton, Vaughn M., Yokota, Glenn Y., Haviland, David R., Bentley, Walt J., Godfrey, Kris E., Wunderlich, Lynn R., Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex, California Agriculture, University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR), 62, 4, 2008, 0008-0845, 10.3733/ca.v062n04p167, 167–176, 54928048, free, Sunn pests—especially Eurygaster integricepsJOURNAL, Critchley, Brian R., Literature review of sunn pest Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae), Crop Protection (journal), Crop Protection, International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences (Elsevier), 17, 4, 1998, 0261-2194, 10.1016/s0261-2194(98)00022-2, 271–287, 1998CrPro..17..271C, 83631999, and E. mauraWEB, Pests - Eurygaster maura Linnaeus - Sunn Pest, AgroAtlas, 7 May 2015,www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Eurygaster_maura/index.html, en, 15 April 2021, —are significant grain pests. Scelioninae and Tachinidae are important parasitoids of sunn pests. Bark beetles are pests of tree crops, and are themselves hosts for Elattoma mites and various entomopathogenic fungi transmitted by those Elattomae.JOURNAL, Khaustov AA, 2000, Mites of the genus Elattoma (Acariformes, Pygmephoridae) from Crimea and North-West Russia, Vestnik Zoologii, 34, 1/2, 77–83,www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20023164491, JOURNAL, Hofstetter, R.W., Moser, J.C., The Role of Mites in Insect-Fungus Associations, Annual Review of Entomology, Annual Reviews (publisher), Annual Reviews, 59, 1, 7 January 2014, 0066-4170, 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162039, 537–557, 24188072,

Energy

Crimea possesses several natural gas fields both onshore and offshore, which were starting to be drilled by western oil and gas companies before annexation.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-gas-crimea-idUSL6N0M41R320140307, Ukraine’s Black Sea gas ambitions seen at risk over Crimea, 7 March 2014, 7 March 2014, Henning, Gloystein, Reuters, WEB,www.eegas.com/ukraine.htm, Ukrainian Gas Pipelines, East European Gas Analysis, 9 February 2013, 8 March 2014, The inland fields are located in Chornomorske and Dzhankoi, while offshore fields are located in the western coast in the Black Sea and in the northeastern coast in the Azov Sea:NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26387353, Ukraine crisis in maps, 3 May 2014, 7 March 2014, BBC, {| class=“wikitable sortableâ€�! Name! Type! Location! Reserves| Dzhankoi gas fieldOnshore (hydrocarbons)>onshoreDzhankoi Raion>Dzhankoi|| Holitsynske gas fieldOffshore (hydrocarbons)>offshore| Black Sea|| Karlavske gas fieldOnshore (hydrocarbons)>onshoreChornomorske Raion>Chornomorske|| Krym gas fieldOffshore (hydrocarbons)>offshore| Black Sea|Odeske gas fieldHTTP://WWW.INVEST-CRIMEA.GOV.UA/NEWS_BODY.PHP?NEWS_ID=504&LOCALE=ENARCHIVE-DATE=26 MARCH 2014PUBLISHER=INVEST-CRIMEA.GOV.UA, 8 March 2014, Offshore (hydrocarbons)>offshore| Black Sea| 21 billion m3| Schmidta gas fieldOffshore (hydrocarbons)>offshore| Black Sea|Shtormvaya gas field>Shtormvaia gas fieldOffshore (hydrocarbons)>offshore| Black Sea|| Strilkove gas fieldOffshore (hydrocarbons)>offshore| Sea of Azov|The republic also possesses two oil fields: one onshore, the Serebryankse oil field in Rozdolne, and one offshore, the Subbotina oil field in the Black Sea.

Electricity

Crimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity, including the 100 MW Simferopol Thermal Power Plant, the 22 MW Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant and the 19 MW Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant.WEB,www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/, ru:Генераци� �лектро�нергии в Крыму выро�ла до 963 МВт, 21 January 2016, ru-RU, 11 August 2016,www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160914005809www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/,">web.archive.org/web/20160914005809www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/, 14 September 2016, dead, This local electricity generation has proven insufficient for local consumption, and since annexation by Russia, Crimea has been reliant on an underwater power cable to mainland Russia.NEWS, Crimea goes dark after Russian shutdown leaves the peninsula without power,www.businessinsider.com/afp-crimea-left-in-dark-after-russian-power-shutdown-2017-7, 28 July 2017, Business Insider, 28 July 2017, Power generation is set to be increased by two combined-cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, each {or should this be both combined?} providing 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), built by TPE (among others) with turbines provided by Power Machines; NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ; either modified GTD-110M/GTE-160/GTE-180 units or UTZ KTZ, or a V94.2 supplied by MAPNA, modified in Russia by PGU Thermal.Solar photovoltaic SES plants are plentiful on the peninsula, including a small facility north of Sevastopol. There also is the Saky gas thermal plant near the Jodobrom chemical plant, featuring SaKhZ(SaChP) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU turbogenerators. Older plants in operation include the Sevastopol TEC (close to Inkerman) which uses AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators generating about 25 MW each, Simferopol TEC, Yevpatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch south – Zaliv) and a few others.

Transport

{{lacking overview|section|date=March 2014}}

Crimean Bridge

File:КрымÑ�кий моÑ�Ñ‚ 21 декабрÑ� 2019 года.jpg|thumb|Crimean BridgeCrimean Bridge(File:Crimea South Coast 04-14 img01 Simferopol-Yalta trolley.jpg|thumb|upright|Trolleybus near Alushta)(File:Yalta Kanatka.JPG|thumb|Cableway in Yalta)In May 2015, work began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link (a pair of parallel bridges) across the Kerch Strait.NEWS, Putin orders military exercise as protesters clash in Crimea,www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-bridge-idUSKCN0XF1YS, 18 April 2016, 24 April 2016, Reuters, The road bridge opened in May 2018, and the rail bridge in December 2019. With a length of 19 km, it is the longest bridge in Europe, surpassing Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon. The Crimean Bridge was damaged by an attackWEB, 2022-10-08, Massive explosion reported on Crimea’s Kerch bridge {{!, CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008055108edition.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=8 October 2022 }} on October 8, 2022, and another on July 17, 2023.NEWS, 2023-07-17, Traffic stopped on Crimean Bridge, reports of blasts, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/world/europe/traffic-stopped-crimean-bridge-due-emergency-russian-backed-governor-2023-07-17/, 2023-07-17,

Public transportation

Almost every settlement in Crimea is connected with another settlement by bus lines. Crimea contains the longest (96 km or 59 mi) trolleybus route in the world, founded in 1959, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta.WEB,www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html, The longest trolleybus line in the world!, 15 January 2007, blacksea-crimea.com,www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140103162437www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140103162437www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html, 3 January 2014, dead, The trolleybus line starts near Simferopol’s Railway Station (in Soviet times it started near Simferopol International Airport) through the mountains to Alushta and on to Yalta. The length of line is about 90 km and passengers are assigned a seat. Simferopol, Yalta and Alushta also have an urban and suburban trolleybus network. Trolleybuses also operate in Sevastopol and Kerch.A tram system operates in the city of Yevpatoria. In the nearby townlet village of Molochnoye, a 1.6 km-long tram line provides the only connection between the sea shore and a holiday resort, but its operation is halted since 2015.

Railway traffic

There are two railroad lines running through Crimea: the non-electrified Armiansk–Kerch (with a link to Feodosia), and the electrified Melitopol–Simferopol–Sevastopol (with a link to Yevpatoria), connecting Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland.Until 2014 the network was part of the Cisdneper Directorate of the Ukrainian Railways. Long-distance trains provided connection to all major Ukrainian cities, to many towns of Russia, Belarus and, until the end of the 2000s, even to Vilnius, Riga, Warsaw and Berlin.Since 2014 the railways are operated by the Crimea Railway. Local trains belong to the Yuzhnaya Prigorodnaya Passazhirskaya Kompaniya (Southern Suburban Passenger Company), serving the entire network of the peninsula and via the Crimean Bridge three trains daily to Anapa. Long-distance trains under the name Tavriya – operated by the company Grand Servis Ekspress – connect Sevastopol and Simferopol daily with Moscow and Saint Petersburg; in the summer season Yevpatoria and Feodosia are also directly connected by them. Several times a week Simferopol is also linked with Volgograd, Sochi, Yekaterinburg, Omsk and even Murmansk by train.Further development plans consist of a bypass line between Simferopol and Kerch, and a complete electrification of the network with changing the voltage of the already electrified lines from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50 Hz AC.

Aviation

• Simferopol International Airport is an air transport hub of Crimea.

Highways

• Ð�-291 – Tavrida highway (route Yevpatoria-) Sevastopol – Simferopol (SW to W N to East ring) – Bilohirsk – north Feodosia – Kerch south (strait bridge)
• E105/M18 – Syvash (bridge, starts), Dzhankoi, North Crimean Canal (bridge), Simferopol, Alushta, Yalta (ends)
• E97/M17 – Perekop (starts), Armiansk, Dzhankoi, Feodosia, Kerch (ferry, ends)
• A290 – Novorossiysk to Kerch via the Crimean Bridge (formerly known as Highway M25)
• H05 – Krasnoperekopsk, Simferopol (access to the Simferopol International Airport)
• H06 – Simferopol, Bakhchysarai, Sevastopol
• H19 – Yalta, Sevastopol
• P16
• P23 – Simferopol, Feodosia
• P25 – Simferopol, Yevpatoria
• P27 – Sevastopol, Inkerman (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
• P29 – Alushta, Sudak, Feodosia
• P34 – Alushta, Yalta
• P35 – Hrushivka, Sudak
• P58 – Sevastopol, Port “Komysheva Bukhtaâ€� (completely within the city of Sevastopol)
• P59 (completely within the city of Sevastopol)

Sea transport

{{See also|#Strategic value}}The cities of Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol, Chornomorske and Yevpatoria are connected to one another by sea routes.

Tourism

(File:Jalta - panoramio - L-BBE.jpg|thumb|Boardwalk in Yalta.)File:Генуєз�ка� крепо�ть XIV �т., вид � Феодо�ий�кой бухты (3).JPG|thumb|Genoese fortress of Caffa.]]File:Bahtšisarai-Khaani palee Krimmis.jpg|thumb|Mosque and yard in the Khan Palace in BakhchisarayBakhchisarayFile:The Swallow’s Nest castle on the Aurora cliffs of cape Ai-Todor (2005-09-229).jpg|thumb|Swallow’s NestSwallow’s Nest The development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century. The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the Russian Empire.At the beginning of the 20th century, a major development of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist destination. There are many Crimean legends about famous touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists.A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government started promoting the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. It became a “health� destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea.Artek is a former Young Pioneer camp on the Black Sea in the town of Hurzuf, near Ayu-Dag, established in 1925.WEB,www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/,www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/," title="archive.today/20150324131614www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/,">archive.today/20150324131614www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/, 24 March 2015, И�тори� “�ртека�, History of Artek, �ртек, 2010, (This has a slow to load URL.) By 1969 it had an area of {{cvt|3.2|km2}}, and consisted of 150 buildings. Unlike most of the young pioneer camps, Artek was an all-year camp, due to the warm climate. Artek was considered to be a privilege for Soviet children during its existence, as well as for children from other communist countries. During its heyday, 27,000 children a year vacationed at Artek. Between 1925 and 1969 the camp hosted 300,000 children.{{citation|encyclopedia=Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. |url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article072849.html |trans-title=Entry on Artek |title=�ртек |access-date=22 June 2020 }} After the breaking up of the Young Pioneers in 1991 its prestige declined, though it remained a popular vacation destination.{{citation|url=http://ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html |title=�ртек – международный дет�кий центр |trans-title=The International Children Center Artek |work=Города и обла�ти Украины (Cities and regions of Ukraine)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607133524ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html |date=7 June 2014|archive-date=7 June 2014}}In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a “health-improvement� destination. The most visited areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Yevpatoria and Saky, and the south-eastern shore – Feodosia and Sudak.According to National Geographic, Crimea was among the top 20 travel destinations in 2013.WEB,travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013/,travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013," title="web.archive.org/web/20121130171317travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013,">web.archive.org/web/20121130171317travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013, dead, 30 November 2012, Best Trips 2013, Crimea, National Geographic Society, National Geographic, December 2012, 29 March 2015, Places of interest include{hide}col-list|colwidth=22em|

• Koktebel
• Livadia Palace
• Mount Mithridat
• Scythian Treasure
• Swallow’s Nest
• Tauric Chersonesos
• Vorontsov Palace
• Bakhchisaray Palace
• Massandra Palace and Winery
• Novyi Svit
• Nikitsky Botanical Garden
• Aivazovsky National Art Gallery in Feodosia
• Naval museum complex Balaklava
• The Valley of Ghosts

{edih}

Sanctions

Following Russia’s largely unrecognized annexation of Crimea, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and several other countries (including Ukraine) imposed economic sanctions against Russia, including some specifically targeting Crimea. Many of these sanctions were directed at individuals—both Russian and Crimean.WEB,www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826, Australia imposes sanctions on Russians after annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 19 March 2014, 29 March 2015, WEB,www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/18/japan-imposes-sanctions-against-russia-over-crimea-independence/, Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence, Fox News Channel, 18 March 2014, 29 March 2015, In general they prohibit the sale, supply, transfer, or export of goods and technology in several sectors, including services directly related to tourism and infrastructure. They list seven ports where cruise ships cannot dock.WEB, EU sanctions add to Putin’s Crimea headache,euobserver.com/foreign/126986, EUobserver, 18 December 2014, 28 March 2015, WEB,laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2014-60/page-1.html, Special Economic Measures (Ukraine) Regulations, Canadian Justice Laws Website, 17 March 2014, 30 March 2015, WEB,www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx, Australia and sanctions – Consolidated List – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Dfat.gov.au, 25 March 2015, 29 March 2015, 29 February 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200229083957/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx, dead, WEB,www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/142174.pdf, Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, European Union, 11 April 2014, 29 March 2015, Sanctions against individuals include travel bans and asset freezes. Visa and MasterCard temporarily stopped service in Crimea in December 2014.NEWS, Crimea hit by multiple sanctions as power, transport and banking communications are cut off,www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/crimea-hit-by-multiple-sanctions-as-power-transport-and-banking-communications-are-cut-off-376206.html, 28 March 2015, Kyiv Post, NEWS, Visa and MasterCard quit Crimea over US sanctions,www.euronews.com/2014/12/26/visa-and-mastercard-quit-crimea-over-us-sanctions/, 28 March 2015, Euronews, The Russian national payment card system now allows Visa and MasterCard cards issued by Russian banks to work in Crimea.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} The Mir payment system operated by the Central Bank of Russia operates in Crimea as well as Master Card and Visa.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} However, there are no major international banks in Crimea.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-banks-idUSL6N0N01X620140409, Sanctions trump patriotism for Russian banks in Crimea, 9 April 2014, Reuters, 1 August 2019,

Politics

{{see also|Federal subjects of Russia|Administrative divisions of Ukraine}}Crimea is Ukrainian territory currently occupied by Russia; Ukraine has not relinquished title over the Crimean territory since the events of 2014, and Crimea is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. They exercise administration of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea from Kyiv in the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy drew attention to this fact in August 2022 when he stated that it was “necessary to liberate Crimea� from Russian occupation and to re-establish “world law and order�.NEWS, Kyiv vows to restore Ukrainian rule over Crimea to re-establish ‘world law and order’,www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-24/kyiv-vows-to-restore-ukrainian-rule-in-russia-annexed-crimea/101363692, ABC NEWS, 23 August 2022,

Demographics

{{As of|2014}}, the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was 2,248,400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485, Sevastopol: 395,000).WEB,en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People, Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People – Information agency “Krym Media�, 13 February 2016, dead,en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People," title="web.archive.org/web/20151104175105en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People,">web.archive.org/web/20151104175105en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People, 4 November 2015, This is down from the 2001 Ukrainian Census figure, which was 2,376,000 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea: 2,033,700, Sevastopol: 342,451).WEB,2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_crym/, Regions of Ukraine / Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 16 December 2006, Ukrainian Census (2001), 2001 Ukrainian Census, File:Церква Во�кре�інн� Хри�тового6.JPG|thumb|The Foros ChurchForos ChurchAccording to the 2014 Russian census, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 7.9% – Crimean Tatar; 3.7% – Tatar; and 3.3% – Ukrainian.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001.NEWS, Census of the population is transferred to 2016,dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html, 7 March 2014, Zerkalo Nedeli, Dzerkalo Tzhnia, 20 September 2013, uk, 2 July 2015,dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150702211328dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150702211328dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html, dead, According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 11.4% – Crimean Tatar; and 10.1% – Ukrainian.WEB,2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/, Results / General results of the census / Linguistic composition of the population / Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian Census (2001), 2001 Ukrainian Census, In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea only in around 15 schools at that point. Turkey provided the greatest support to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been unable to resolve the problem of education in their mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.WEB,www.avrupatimes.com/culture/3676-crimean-tatar-language-in-danger.html, Crimean Tatar language in danger, avrupatimes.com, 19 February 2013, 31 March 2015, WEB,archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh, Crimean Tatar, Ethnologue, 2009, 31 March 2015,archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh," title="web.archive.org/web/20160305022912archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh,">web.archive.org/web/20160305022912archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh, 5 March 2016, dead, The ethnic composition of Crimea’s population has changed dramatically since the early 20th century. The 1897 Russian Empire Census for the Taurida Governorate reported: 196,854 (13.06%) Crimean Tatars, 404,463 (27.94%) Russians and 611,121 (42.21%) Ukrainians. But these numbers included Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky uyezds which were on mainland, not in Crimea. The population number excluding these uyezds is given in the table below.{| class=“wikitable� style="text-align: right; font-size:80%; width=100%� style="background:#e0e0e0;� valign=top! rowspan=“1� |Date!1785 BOOK, O’Neill, Kelly Ann,books.google.com/books?id=NZ47DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30, Yale University Press, Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great’s Southern Empire, 2017, 978-0-300-23150-2, New Haven, 30, 1007823334, !1795 !1816 !1835 !1850 !1864 ! colspan=“2� |1897These numbers exclude the population numbers for Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky Uyezds, which were on mainland. See the administrative divisions of the Taurida GovernorateWEB, The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897 – Taurida Governorate,demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php?reg=1420, demoscope.ru, Демо�коп, 18 June 2014, ! colspan=“2� |1926WEB,demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=788, Демо�коп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник �тати�тиче�ких показателей., demoscope.ru, ! colspan=“2� |1939WEB,demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=68, Демо�коп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник �тати�тиче�ких показателей., demoscope.ru, ! colspan=“2� |1959WEB,demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg1.php, Демо�коп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник �тати�тиче�ких показателей., demoscope.ru, ! colspan=“2� |1970! colspan=“2� |1979Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 73! colspan=“2� |1989Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 72! colspan=“2� |2001this combines the figures for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, listing groups of more than 5,000 individuals. WEB,2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/, About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census, 26 October 2015, Ukrainian Census (2001), 2001 Ukrainian Census, ; WEB,2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Sevastopol/, Sevastopol, Ukrainian Census (2001), 2001 Ukrainian Census, 26 October 2015, ;WEB,2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/estimate/, About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001, 26 October 2015, Ukrainian Census (2001), 2001 Ukrainian Census, ! colspan=“2� |2014Итоги Перепи�и �а�елени� В Крым�ком Федеральном Округе [Censuses in Crimean Federal District], Таблицы � итогами Федерального �тати�тиче�кого наблюдени� “Перепи�ь на�елени� в Крым�ком федеральном округе� [Tables with the results of the Federal Statistical observation “Census in the Crimean Federal District�] 4.1 �ациональный Со�тав �а�елени� {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331214907www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-04-01.xlsx |date=31 March 2022 }} [4.1. National composition of population] style="background:#e0e0e0;� valign=top! rowspan=“1� |Carried out by! colspan=“8“| Russian Empire! colspan=“12� |Soviet Union! colspan=“2� |Ukraine! colspan=“2� |Russia style="background:#e0e0e0;“!Ethnic group! %! %! %! %! %! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! %! Number! % Russians|2.2%|4.3%|4.8%|4.4%|6.6%|28.5%|33.11%|42.2%|49.6%|71.4%|67.3%|66.9%|67.0%|60.4%|67.9% Ukrainians||1.3%|3.6%|3.1%|7%||11.84%|10.6%|13.7%|22.3%|26.5%|25.1%|25.8%|24.0%|15.7% Crimean Tatars|84.1%|87.6%|85.9%|83.5%|77.8%|50.3%|35.55%|25.1%|19.4%|||0.2%|1.6%|10.2%|10.6% Belarusians|||||||0.38%|0.5%|0.6%|1.8%|2.2%|2.1%|2.1%|1.5%|1.0% Armenians||.6%|1.3%|1.5%|1%|6.5%|1.52%|1.5%|1.1%||0.2%||0.1%|0.4%|0.5% Jews||2.3%|2.3%|2%|2.2%|7%|4.42%|6.4%|5.8%|2.2%|1.4%||0.7%|0.2%|0.1% Others|13.7%|3.9%|2.1%|5.5%|5.4%|7.7%|13.19%|||2.3%|||||4.2% style="background:#e0e0e0;� Total population stating nationality||||||546,592713,8231,126,4291,813,5022,184,0002,430,4952,401,2002,197,564 s Nationality not stated|||||| 12,000 87,205 style="background:#e0e0e0;� Total population||||||1,201,5172,458,6002,413,2002,284,769Crimean Tatars, a predominantly Muslim ethnic minority who in 2001 made up 12.1% of the population,WEB,2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/, About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census, 24 March 2014, Ukrainian Census (2001), 2001 Ukrainian Census, formed in Crimea in the early modern era, after the Crimean Khanate had come into existence. The Crimean Tatars were forcibly expelled to Central Asia by Joseph Stalin’s government as a form of collective punishment, on the grounds that some had joined the invading Waffen-SS, forming Tatar Legions, during World War II. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatars began to return to the region.Pohl, J. Otto. The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror. Mc Farland & Company, Inc, Publishers. 1997. WEB,www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html, 23,www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20000604031122www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html,">web.archive.org/web/20000604031122www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html, 4 June 2000, According to the 2001 Ukrainian population census, 60% of the population of Crimea are ethnic Russians and 24% are ethnic Ukrainians.Jews in Crimea were historically Krymchaks and Karaites (the latter a small group centered at Yevpatoria). The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a Jewish population of 4.20%, not including a Karaite population of 0.43%.The Krymchaks (but not the Karaites) were targeted for annihilation during Nazi occupation. The Nazis murdered around 40,000 Crimean Jews.BOOK, Arad, Yitzhak, The Holocaust in the Soviet Union, January 2009, U of Nebraska Press, 978-0803222700, 211,books.google.com/books?id=DqAb5tY4Ai8C&pg=PA211, The number of Crimea Germans was 60,000 in 1939. During WWII, they were forcibly deported on the orders of Stalin, as they were regarded as a potential “fifth column�.“www.volgagermans.net/norka/docs/Deportation%20and%20Destruction%20Soviet%20Germans.pdf" title="wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010115522www.volgagermans.net/norka/docs/Deportation%20and%20Destruction%20Soviet%20Germans.pdf">The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR� (PDF)“On Germans Living on the Territory of the Ukrainian SSR“�NKVD Arrest List {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216105025www.goldade.net/Arrests/NKVD.pdf |date=16 December 2011 }}� (PDF) This was part of the 800,000 Germans in Russia who were relocated within the Soviet Union during Stalinist times.“A People on the Move: Germans in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union: 1763 – 1997 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801122713library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/people.html |date=1 August 2020 }}. North Dakota State University Libraries. The 2001 Ukrainian census reports just 2,500 ethnic Germans (0.1% of population) in Crimea.Besides the Crimean Germans, Stalin in 1944 also deported 70,000 Greeks, 14,000 Bulgarians“jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/372.full.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20160119131817jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/372.full.pdf">The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union� (PDF) and 3,000 Italians.

Life expectancy at birth

File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Republic of Crimea.png|Life expectancy in {{nobr|the Republic of Crimea}}File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Sevastopol.png|Life expectancy in SevastopolFile:Life expectancy in Russia -Crimea.png|Life expectancy in Crimea and neighboring regions

Religion

{{Pie chart|thumb=rightEastern Orthodoxy>Orthodox|value1 = 58|color1 = DarkOrchidIslam>Muslim|value2 = 15|color2 = Green|label3 = Belief without religion|value3 = 10|color3 = HoneydewAtheism>Atheist|value4 = 2|color4 = Black|label5 = Other religion|value5 = 2|color5 = Yellow|label6 = Not stated|value6 = 13|color6 = RosyBrown}}In 2013, Orthodox Christians made up 58% of the Crimean population, followed by Muslims (15%) and believers in God without religion (10%).Following the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, 38 out of the 46 Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate parishes in Crimea ceased to exist; in three cases, churches were seized by the Russian authorities.Russia seeks to crush Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Crimea for helping resist Russification, Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (11 October 2018) Notwithstanding the annexation, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) kept control of its eparchies in Crimea.{{in lang|ru}} Стату� епархий в Крыму о�тал�� неизменным, за�вили в УПЦ Мо�ков�кого патриархата NEWSru, 10 March 2015.{{in lang|ru}} The Ukrainian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate demanded the return of the Crimea, RBK Group (18 August 2014)

Culture

{{see also|Crimean legends|Crimean Tatar cuisine}}File:1837. Пушкин в Бахчи�арай�ком дворце.jpg|thumb|Alexander Pushkin in Bakhchisaray Palace. Painting by Grigory ChernetsovGrigory ChernetsovWhat is thought to be the first work of literature in the Crimean Tatar language, a version of Yusuf and Zulaykha, was composed around the early thirteenth century, apparently by Mahmud Qırımlı.JOURNAL, Emiramzaieva, A. S., 2020, ТВОРЧІСТЬ Т� ЖИТТЯ М�ХМУД� КИРИМЛИ У ЛІТЕР�ТУРОЗ��ВЧОМУ ВИСВІТЛЕ��І: ІСТОРІЯ Т� ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДОСЛІДЖЕ��Я, MAKHMUD KIRIMLI’S LIFE AND WORKS IN LITERARY ASPECT: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES OF STUDY,philol.vernadskyjournals.in.ua/journals/2020/1_2020/part_4/22.pdf, Scientific Notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, Series Philology. Social Communications, 4, 1, 110–114, 10.32838/2663-6069/2020.1-4/20, Alexander Pushkin visited Bakhchysarai in 1820 and later wrote the poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. Crimea was the background for Adam Mickiewicz’s seminal work, The Crimean Sonnets inspired by his 1825 travel. A series of 18 sonnets constitute an artistic telling of a journey to and through the Crimea, they feature romantic descriptions of the oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy.Ivan Aivazovsky, the 19th-century marine painter of Armenian origin, who is considered one of the major artists of his era was born in Feodosia and lived there for the most part of his life. Many of his paintings depict the Black Sea. He also created battle paintings during the Crimean War.WEB, Rogachevsky, Alexander, Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900),www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm, Tufts University, 10 December 2013,www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20140319030420www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20140319030420www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm, 19 March 2014, dead, File:ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg|thumb|Crimean tatar singer Jamala dedicated her 2016 Eurovision winning song “1944� to the deported Crimean Tatars]]Crimean Tatar singer Jamala won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 representing Ukraine with her song “1944�, about the historic deportation of Crimean Tatars in that year by Soviet authorities.WEB, Stephens, Heidi, Eurovision 2016: Ukraine’s Jamala wins with politically charged 1944,www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/may/14/ukraine-wins-eurovision-jamala-1944, The Guardian, 15 May 2016, 18 May 2016, File:Ivan Constantinovich Aivazovsky - The Russian Squadron on the Sebastopol Roads.jpg|Painting of the Russian squadron in Sevastopol by Ivan Aivazovsky (1846)File:Могила поета і художника М. О. Волошина.JPG|The grave of Russian poet and artist Maximilian VoloshinPeople at KaZantip.jpg|People at the Kazantip music festival in 2007

Sport

Following Crimea’s vote to join Russia and subsequent annexation in March 2014, the top football clubs withdrew from the Ukrainian leagues. Some clubs registered to join the Russian leagues but the Football Federation of Ukraine objected. UEFA ruled that Crimean clubs could not join the Russian leagues but should instead be part of a Crimean league system. The Crimean Premier League is now the top professional football league in Crimea.WEB,sports.yahoo.com/news/uefa-backed-league-starts-play-crimea-094547026--sow.html, UEFA-backed league starts play in Crimea, 23 August 2015, Yahoo Sports, 13 February 2016, 26 September 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220926072249/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/uefa-backed-league-starts-play-crimea-094547026--sow.html, dead, A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia instead of Ukraine at future competitions, including Vera Rebrik, the European javelin champion.WEB,www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1032350/ukrainian-sport-minister-urges-federations-not-to-let-athletes-switch-to-russia-without-serving-qualifying-period, Ukrainian Sport Minister urges Federations not to let athletes switch to Russia without serving qualifying period, 8 December 2015, 2 May 2016, Due to Russia currently being suspended from all international athletic competitions, Rebrik participates in tournaments as a “neutral� athlete.14 Russians bid to take part in IAAF World Championships, TASS news agency (5 July 2017)

Gallery

File:Hansaray1.jpg|Bakhchisaray PalaceFile:Dulber Palace.JPG|Dulber Palace in KoreizFile:Комплек� �поруд Воронцов�ького палацу.jpg|Vorontsov PalaceFile:Лівадій�ький палацовий комплек� 002.jpg|Livadia PalaceFile:Yalta-catholic church.jpg|Catholic church in YaltaFile:St. Volodymyr’s Cathedral, Chersones.jpg|St. Vladimir’s Cathedral, dedicated to the Heroes of Sevastopol (Crimean War).

See also

• 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine
• Crimean Gothic
• List of cities in Crimea
• Politics of Crimea
• Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty of 1997

Notes

Explanatory notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

• BOOK, Boardman, John, John Boardman (art historian), Edwards, I. E. S., I. E. S. Edwards, Hammond, N. G. L., N. G. L. Hammond, Sollberger, E., Edmond Sollberger, Walker, C. B. F., Sulimirski, Tadeusz, Tadeusz Sulimirski, Taylor, T. F., Timothy Taylor (archaeologist), 1991, The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C., The Cambridge Ancient History, 3, 2, The Scythians, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 547–590, 978-1-139-05429-4,

External links

{{Sister project links |wikt=Crimea |commons=Crimea |commonscat=yes |n=Category:Crimea |q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no |voy=yes|d=Q7835}}

• EB1911, Crimea, 7, Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch, Peter Kropotkin, Bealby, John Thomas, 449–450,
• Lists of Crimean Tartar villages emptied in the May 1944 deportations, and most of them renamed in Russian

{{Crimea topics}}{{Regions of the world}}{{Authority control}}