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Caller ID spoofing
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Caller ID spoofing
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- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Phone caller faking the phone number sent to the recipient of a phone call}}{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}File:Caller id spoof.PNG|thumb|right|Example of caller ID spoofed via orange boxing; both the name and number are faked to reference leetspeakleetspeakCaller ID spoofing is a spoofing attack which causes the telephone network's Caller ID to indicate to the receiver of a call that the originator of the call is a station other than the true originating station. This can lead to a display showing a phone number different from that of the telephone from which the call was placed.The term is commonly used to describe situations in which the motivation is considered malicious by the originator.One effect of the widespread availability of Caller ID spoofing is that, as AARP published in 2019, "you can no longer trust call ID.""MEMBERWIDE">- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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History
Caller ID spoofing has been available for years to people with a specialized digital connection to the telephone company, called an ISDN PRI circuit. Collection agencies, law-enforcement officials, and private investigators have used the practice, with varying degrees of legality. The first mainstream caller ID spoofing service was launched U.S.-wide on September 1, 2004 by California-based Star38.com.NEWS, The New York Times,weblink A Commercial Software Service Aims to Outfox Caller IDTechnology and methods
Caller ID is spoofed through a variety of methods and different technology. The most popular ways of spoofing caller ID are through the use of VoIP or PRI lines.Voice over IP
In the past, caller ID spoofing required an advanced knowledge of telephony equipment that could be quite expensive. However, with open source software (such as Asterisk or FreeSWITCH, and almost any VoIP company), one can spoof calls with minimal costs and effort.Some VoIP providers allow the user to configure their displayed number as part of the configuration page on the provider's web interface. No additional software is required. If the caller name is sent with the call (instead of being generated from the number by a database lookup at destination) it may be configured as part of the settings on a client-owned analog telephone adapter or SIP phone. The level of flexibility is provider-dependent. A provider which allows users to bring their own device and unbundles service so that direct inward dial numbers may be purchased separately from outbound calling minutes will be more flexible. A carrier which doesn't follow established hardware standards (such as Skype) or locks subscribers out of configuration settings on hardware which the subscriber owns outright (such as Vonage) is more restrictive. Providers which market "wholesale VoIP" are typically intended to allow any displayed number to be sent, as resellers will want their end user's numbers to appear.In rare cases, a destination number served by voice-over-IP is reachable directly at a known SIP address (which may be published through ENUM telephone number mapping, a .tel DNS record or located using an intermediary such as SIP Broker). Some Google Voice users are directly reachable by SIP, as are all iNum Initiative numbers in country codes +883 5100 and +888. As a federated VoIP scheme providing a direct Internet connection which does not pass through a signaling gateway to the public switched telephone network, it shares the advantages (nearly free unlimited access worldwide) and disadvantages (ernet applications).Service providers
Some spoofing services work similarly to a prepaid calling card. Customers pay in advance for a personal identification number (PIN). Customers dial the number given to them by the company, their PIN, the destination number and the number they wish to appear as the caller ID. The call is bridged or transferred and arrives with the spoofed number chosen by the callerâthus tricking the called party.Many providers also provide a Web-based interface or a mobile application where a user creates an account, logs in and supplies a source number, destination number, and the bogus caller ID information to be displayed. The server then places a call to each of the two endpoint numbers and bridges the calls together.Some providers offer the ability to record calls, change the voice and send text messages.WEB,weblink Don't Believe Your Eyes: Spoofing,Orange box
Another method of spoofing is that of emulating the Bell 202 FSK signal. This method, informally called orange boxing, uses software that generates the audio signal which is then coupled to the telephone line during the call. The object is to deceive the called party into thinking that there is an incoming call waiting call from the spoofed number, when in fact there is no new incoming call. This technique often also involves an accomplice who may provide a secondary voice to complete the illusion of a call-waiting call. Because the orange box cannot truly spoof an incoming caller ID prior to answering and relies to a certain extent on the guile of the caller, it is considered as much a social engineering technique as a technical hack.Other methods include switch access to the Signaling System 7 network and social engineering telephone company operators, who place calls for you from the desired phone number.Caller name display
{{See also|Calling Name Presentation}}Telephone exchange equipment manufacturers vary in their handling of caller name display. Much of the equipment manufactured for Bell System companies in the United States sends only the caller's number to the distant exchange; that switch must then use a database lookup to find the name to display with the calling number. Canadian landline exchanges often run Nortel equipment which sends the name along with the number. Mobile, CLEC, Internet or independent exchanges also vary in their handling of caller name, depending on the switching equipment manufacturer. Calls between numbers in differing country codes represent a further complication, as caller ID often displays the local portion of the calling number without indicating a country of origin or in a format that can be mistaken for a domestic or invalid number.This results in multiple possible outcomes:- The name provided by the caller (in the analog telephone adapter configuration screen for voice-over-IP users or on the web interface on a spoofing provider) is blindly passed verbatim to the called party and may be spoofed at will
- The name is generated from a telephone company database using the spoofed caller ID number.
- A destination provider may display no name or just the geographic location of the provided telephone area code on caller ID (e.g., "ARIZONA", "CALIFORNIA", "OREGON", or "ONTARIO"). This often occurs where the destination carrier is a low-cost service (such as a VoIP provider) running no database or outdated data in which the number is not found.
- If the displayed number is in the recipient's address book, some handsets will display the name from the local address book in place of the transmitted name. Some VoIP providers use Asterisk (PBX) to provide similar functionality at the server;WEB,weblink Phone book â VoIP.ms Wiki, wiki.voip.ms, this may lead to multiple substitutions with priority going to the destination user's own handset as the last link in the CNAM chain.
Legal considerations
Canada
Caller ID spoofing remains legal in Canada, and has recently become so prevalent that the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre has "add[ed] an automated message about [the practice] to their fraud-reporting hotline".NEWS, Cummings, Madeleine., The call is coming from inside your house: Caller ID spoofing becoming more frequent for frustrated Canadians, National Post, August 12, 2015, January 25, 2016India
According to a report from the India Department of Telecommunications, the government of India has taken the following steps against the CLI spoofing service providers:- Websites offering caller ID spoofing services are blocked in India as an immediate measure.
- International long-distance operators (ILDOs), national long-distance operators (NLDOs) and access service providers have been alerted to the existence of such spoofing services, and shall collectively be prepared to take action to investigate cases of caller ID spoofing as they are reported.WEB,weblink Call (Calling Line Identification) spoofing services Offered through websites â Study of Modus Operandi, Impact and Regulatory Framework in India, Harish Kumar, ITS,
United Kingdom
In the UK, the spoofed number is called the "presentation number". This must be either allocated to the caller, or if allocated to a third party, it is only to be used with the third party's explicit permission.WEB,weblink Guidelines for the provision of Calling Line Identification Facilities and other related services over Electronic Communications Networks Version 2 (amended 26 April 2007), January 9, 2012, Director General of Telecommunications, December 11, 2003, ofcom, Starting 2016, direct marketing companies are obliged to display their phone numbers. Any offending companies can be fined up to £2 million by Ofcom.NEWS,weblink Cold callers forced to display numbers following change in law, Finnigan, Lexi, April 24, 2016, The Telegraph, August 24, 2018, en-GB, 0307-1235, In 2021, Huw Saunders, a director at Ofcom, the UK regulator, said the current UK phone network (Public Switched Telephone Network) is being updated to a new system (Voice Over Internet Protocol), which should be in place by 2025. Saunders said, "It's only when the vast majority of people are on the new technology (VOIP) that we can implement a new patch to address this problem [of Caller ID spoofing]."NEWS, Whitworth, Dan, 2 May 2021, Don't trust caller ID on phones, says Ofcom, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2 May 2021, In November 2022, Lindsey Fussell, Group Director for Networks and Communications at Ofcom, commented on the ongoing efforts to combat call spoofing in the UK. Fussell emphasized the inherent challenges in implementing new measures to block spoofed calls, noting the importance of not impacting legitimate communications. Her remarks highlight the need for a balanced approach and continuous collaboration among stakeholders to adapt to the evolving tactics of scammers.WEB, Combating Call Spoofing: The UK's Strategy and Timeline for a Safer Telecom Future,weblink UnknownPhone, 13 December 2023, 13 December 2023,United States
Caller ID spoofing is generally legal in the United States unless done "with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value". The relevant federal statute, the Truth in Caller ID Act of 2009, does make exceptions for certain law-enforcement purposes. Callers are also still allowed to preserve their anonymity by choosing to block all outgoing caller ID information on their phone lines.Under the act, which also targets VoIP services, it is illegal "to cause any caller identification service to knowingly transmit misleading or inaccurate caller identification information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value...." Forfeiture penalties or criminal fines of up to $10,000 per violation (not to exceed $1,000,000) could be imposed. The law maintains an exemption for blocking one's own outgoing caller ID information, and law enforcement isn't affected.WEB,weblink Congress outlaws all Caller ID spoofing (VoIP too), Ars Technica, April 15, 2010, June 14, 2015, WEB,weblink Caller ID and Spoofing, June 14, 2015, The New York Times sent the number 111-111-1111 for all calls made from its offices until August 15, 2011. The fake number was intended to prevent the extensions of its reporters appearing in call logs, and thus protect reporters from having to divulge calls made to anonymous sources. The Times abandoned this practice because of the proposed changes to the caller ID law, and because many companies were blocking calls from the well-known number.NEWS,weblink At The Times, Era of '111-111-1111' Nears Its End, The New York Times (Media Decoder blog), August 12, 2011, August 12, 2011, Peters, Jeremy W., Starting in mid-2017, the FCC pushed forward Caller ID certification implemented using a framework known as STIR/SHAKEN.WEB,weblink Combating Spoofed Robocalls with Caller ID Authentication, FCC, 2017, Ajit, Pai, WEB,weblink Ajit Pai orders phone companies to adopt new anti-robocall tech in 2019, Arstechnica, February 14, 2019, Jon, Brodkin, SHAKEN/STIR are acronyms for Signature-based Handling of Asserted Information Using toKENs (SHAKEN) and the Secure Telephone Identity Revisited (STIR) standards. The FCC has mandated that telecom providers implement STIR/SHAKEN-based caller ID attestation in the IP portions of their networks beginning no later than June 30, 2021.On August 1, 2019, the FCC voted to extend the Truth in Caller ID Act to international calls and text messaging.WEB,weblink FCC gets authority to go after international illegal robocallers, Reardon, Marguerite, CNET, en, 2019-08-07, Congress passed the TRACED Act in 2019 which makes Caller ID authentication mandatory.Trump signs the TRACED Act, the first federal anti-robocall lawSee also
References
{{Reflist}}External links
- WEB, Anderson, Nate, April 14, 2010, Congress Outlaws All Caller ID Spoofing (VoIP Too),weblink Ars Technica,
- WEB, Caller ID Spoofing,weblink Federal Communications Commission, 7 March 2022,
- WEB, Fake call ID services on the rise,weblink BBC News, 25 April 2005,
- WEB, Senator Florez, July 25, 2007, SJR-15 Telecommunications: caller identification spoofing. (2007â2008),weblink California State Senate, SJR15, live, October 23, 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081023091052weblink">weblink
- NEWS, Musgrove, Mike, October 30, 2004, New Tricks Fool Caller ID: Some See Potentially Dangerous Abuse,weblink The Washington Post, E01,
- MAGAZINE, WIRED Staff, FCC Probes Caller-ID Fakers,weblink Wired (magazine), Wired, Science, March 2, 2006,
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