SUPPORT THE WORK
GetWiki
Blade Runner
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
Blade Runner
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|1982 science fiction film by Ridley Scott}}{{About|the 1982 film|the franchise based on the film |Blade Runner (franchise){{!}}Blade Runner (franchise)||Blade Runner (disambiguation)}}{{pp-move}}{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids | |
|---|---|
Plot
{{Hatnote|Note: Since there are several versions of Blade Runner, this summary excludes version-specific events. See the Versions of Blade Runner article for discussion of version-specific plot elements.}}In 2019 Los Angeles, former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff, who likes to make origami figures, and is brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a "blade runner" was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally "retire" them, is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally. Deckard begins to leave, but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and Deckard stays. The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional responses to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question. Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and three other Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris.Bryant has Deckard meet with the CEO of the company that creates the replicants, Eldon Tyrell, so he can administer the test on a Nexus-6 to see if it works. Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael. After a much longer than standard test, Deckard concludes privately to Tyrell that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human. Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an "emotional cushion", and that she has no knowledge of her true nature.In searching Leon's hotel room, Deckard finds photos and a scale from the skin of an animal, which is later identified as a synthetic snake scale. Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting. She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo, but Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell's niece, and she leaves in tears.Replicants Roy and Leon meanwhile investigate a replicant eye-manufacturing laboratory and learn of J. F. Sebastian, a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell. Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust.A photograph from Leon's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club, where Zhora works. After a confrontation and chase, Deckard kills Zhora. Bryant also orders him to retire Rachael, who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation. Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd, but he is ambushed by Leon, who knocks the gun out of Deckard's hand and beats him. As Leon is about to kill Deckard, Rachael saves him by using Deckard's gun to kill Leon. They return to Deckard's apartment and, during a discussion, he promises not to track her down. As Rachael abruptly tries to leave, Deckard restrains her and forces her to kiss him, and she ultimately relents. Deckard leaves Rachael at his apartment and departs to search for the remaining replicants.Roy arrives at Sebastian's apartment and tells Pris that the other replicants are dead. Sebastian reveals that because of a genetic premature aging disorder, his life will be cut short, like the replicants that were built with a four-year lifespan. Roy uses Sebastian to gain entrance to Tyrell's penthouse. He demands more life from his maker, which Tyrell says is impossible. Roy confesses that he has done "questionable things" but Tyrell dismisses this, praising Roy's advanced design and accomplishments in his short life. Roy kisses Tyrell and then kills him by crushing his skull. Sebastian tries to flee and is later reported dead.{{#tag:ref|Sebastian's death was never shot because of concerns over too much violence in the film.{{sfn|Sammon|p=175}}|group=nb}}At Sebastian's apartment, Deckard is ambushed by Pris, but he kills her as Roy returns. Roy's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears. He chases Deckard through the building and onto the roof. Deckard tries to jump onto another roof but is left hanging on the edge. Roy makes the jump with ease and, as Deckard's grip loosens, Roy hoists him onto the roof to save him. Before Roy dies, he laments that his memories "will be lost in time, like tears in rain". Gaff arrives to congratulate Deckard, also reminding him that Rachael will not live, but "then again, who does?" Deckard returns to his apartment to retrieve Rachael. While escorting her to the elevator, he notices a small origami unicorn on the floor. He recalls Gaff's words and departs with Rachael.Cast
{{cast listing|- Harrison Ford as Rick Deckard
- Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty
- Sean Young as Rachael
- Edward James Olmos as Gaff
- M. Emmet Walsh as Bryant
- Daryl Hannah as Pris
- William Sanderson as J.F. Sebastian
- Brion James as Leon Kowalski
- Joe Turkel as Eldon Tyrell
- Joanna Cassidy as Zhora Salome
- James Hong as Hannibal Chew
- Morgan Paull as Dave Holden
- Hy Pyke as Taffey Lewis
Production
Development
File:Blade Runner - Ridleyville Map - Version in English and JPEG format.jpg|thumb|alt=Map of Ridleyville|Map of Ridleyville, exterior sets for Blade Runner located on the New York Street of the Warner Bros. Studios lot (Burbank, CaliforniaBurbank, California{{Anchor|Writing|Development}}Interest in adapting Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? developed shortly after its 1968 publication. Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel, but never optioned it.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bukatman|1p=13|2a1=Sammon|2p=23}} Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert, saying, "Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done ... Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project. And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was, 'Shall I beat you up here at the airport, or shall I beat you up back at my apartment?{{' "}}Dick quoted in {{harvnb|Sammon|p=23}}The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977.{{sfn|Sammon|p=23–30}} Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it. Scott had previously declined the project, but after leaving the slow production of Dune, wanted a faster-paced project to take his mind off his older brother's recent death.{{sfn|Sammon|p=43–49}} He joined the project on February 21, 1980, and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US$13 million to $15 million. Fancher's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion, which are prominent in the novel, and Scott wanted changes. Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S. Burroughs for Alan E. Nourse's novel The Bladerunner (1974), titled Blade Runner (a movie).{{refn|Some editions of Nourse's novel use the two-word spacing Blade Runner, as does the Burroughs book.|group=nb}} Scott liked the name, so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles.Abraham Riesman,"Digging Into the Odd History of Blade Runner's Title" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010170059weblink |date=October 10, 2017 }}, Vulture, October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017. Eventually, he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21, 1980, although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites.{{sfn|Sammon|p=49–63}}Having invested over $2.5 million in pre-production,{{sfn|Sammon|p=49}} as the date of commencement of principal photography neared, Filmways withdrew financial backing. In ten days Deeley had secured $21.5 million in financing through a three-way deal between the Ladd Company (through Warner Bros.), the Hong Kong-based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bukatman|1p=18–19|2a1=Sammon|2p=64–67}}Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film's production, which added to his distrust of Hollywood.{{sfn|Sammon|p=63–64}} After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide, the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite.{{sfn|Sammon|p=67–69}} Although Dick died shortly before the film's release, he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20-minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio. Despite his well-known skepticism of Hollywood in principle, Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it.{{sfn|Sammon|p=284}} He said, "I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC news. I recognized it immediately. It was my own interior world. They caught it perfectly." He also approved of the film's script, saying, "After I finished reading the screenplay, I got the novel out and looked through it. The two reinforce each other so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel."{{citation |last=Boonstra |first=John |title=A final interview with science fiction's boldest visionary, who talks candidly about Blade Runner, inner voices and the temptations of Hollywood |work=Rod Serling's the Twilight Zone Magazine |via=Philip K. Dick |volume=2 |issue=3 |date=June 1982 |pages=47–52 |url=http://www.philipkdick.com/media_twilightzone.html |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130528112644weblink">weblink |archive-date=May 28, 2013}} The motion picture was dedicated to Dick.Blade Runner film, dedication after credits, 1:51:30 Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9, 1981, and ended four months later.{{sfn|Sammon|p=98}}In 1992, Ford revealed, "Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films. I tangled with Ridley."{{sfn|Sammon|p=211}} Apart from friction with the director, Ford also disliked the voiceovers: "When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration. It was a {{sic|f**king|expected=fucking}} nightmare. I thought that the film had worked without the narration. But now I was stuck re-creating that narration. And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director's interests."{{citation |date=July 5, 2007 |url=http://www.moono.com/news/news05091.html |title=Ford: 'Blade Runner Was a Nightmare' |work=Moono.com |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120224041915weblink">weblink |archive-date=February 24, 2012}} "I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it."{{sfn|Sammon|p=296}} The narration monologs were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee.{{citation |first=Rebecca |last=Pahle |title=10 Fascinating Facts About Blade Runner |date=August 28, 2015 |work=Mental Floss |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/67956/10-fascinating-facts-about-blade-runner |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150829215058weblink">weblink |archive-date=August 29, 2015}}In 2006, Scott was asked "Who's the biggest pain in the arse you've ever worked with?" He replied: "It's got to be Harrison ... he'll forgive me because now I get on with him. Now he's become charming. But he knows a lot, that's the problem. When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block. But we made a good movie."{{citation |first=Rob |last=Carnevale |title=Getting Direct with Directors: Ridley Scott |date=September 2006 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/callingtheshots/ridley_scott.shtml |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140413025033weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 13, 2014}} Ford said of Scott in 2000: "I admire his work. We had a bad patch there, and I'm over it."{{citation |title=And beneath lies, the truth |work=Empire |date=November 2000 |first=Colin |last=Kennedy |issue=137 |page=76}} In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying: "What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain, but the voiceover ... I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another."{{citation |title=In Conversation with Harrison Ford |work=Empire |date=April 2006 |issue=202 |page=140}} Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD, and had already recorded his interviews. "Harrison's fully on board", said Scott.{{citation |last=Smith |first=Neil |title=The Total Film Interview |work=Total Film |date=Summer 2007 |issue=130}}File:The Bradbury Building from the inside.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A photograph of a building interior showing stairs climbing up five storeys to the final floor where we can see the glass roof|The Bradbury BuildingBradbury BuildingThe Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location, and a Warner Bros. backlot housed the 2019 Los Angeles street sets. Other locations included the Ennis-Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel. Test screenings resulted in several changes, including adding a voice-over, a happy ending, and the removal of a Holden hospital scene. The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult, which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film. Crew members created T-shirts during filming saying, "Yes Guv'nor, My Ass" that mocked Scott's unfavorable comparison of U.S. and British crews; Scott responded with a T-shirt of his own, "Xenophobia Sucks", making the incident known as the T-shirt war.{{sfn|Sammon|p=218}}{{citation |url=http://www.pajiba.com/seriously_random_lists/mindhole-blowers-20-facts-about-blade-runner-that-might-leave-you-questioning-ridley-scotts-humanity.php |title=Mindhole Blowers: 20 facts about Blade Runner that might leave you questioning Ridley Scotts humanity |last=Davis |first=Cindy |date=November 8, 2011 |work=Pajiba.com |access-date=September 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140802114242weblink">weblink |archive-date=August 2, 2014}}Casting
{{See also|List of Blade Runner characters}}Casting the film proved troublesome, particularly for the lead role of Deckard. Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character's dialogue with Mitchum in mind.{{citation |title=Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner [documentary] |work=Blade Runner: The Final Cut |type=DVD |publisher=Warner Bros. |year=2007 |orig-year=1982}} Director Ridley Scott and the film's producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman, who eventually departed over differences in vision. Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons, including his performance in the Star Wars films, Ford's interest in the Blade Runner story, and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford's work in the film. Following his success in those two films, Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth. According to production documents, several actors were considered for the role, including Gene Hackman, Sean Connery, Jack Nicholson, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Tommy Lee Jones, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Peter Falk, Nick Nolte, Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds.MAGAZINE,weblink Blade Runner at 30: Celebrating Ridley Scott's Dystopian Vision, Time (magazine), Time, June 18, 2021, September 30, 2021,weblink live, One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty,NEWS, Ebiri, Bilge, Even Now, Rutger Hauer's Performance in 'Blade Runner' Is a Marvel – With his combination of menace and anguish, he created an unforgettable character that made the movie the classic it remains today.,weblink July 25, 2019, The New York Times, July 25, 2019,weblink July 25, 2019, live, the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants.{{citation |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=September 11, 1992 |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19920911/REVIEWS/209110301/1023 |title=Blade Runner: Director's Cut [review] |work=RogerEbert.com |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130304150411weblink">weblink |archive-date=March 4, 2013 |url-status=dead}} Scott cast Hauer without having met him, based solely on Hauer's performances in Paul Verhoeven's movies Scott had seen (Katie Tippel, Soldier of Orange, and Turkish Delight). Hauer's portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K. Dick as "the perfect Batty – cold, Aryan, flawless".{{sfn|Sammon|p=284}} Of the many films Hauer made, Blade Runner was his favorite. As he explained in a live chat in 2001, "Blade Runner needs no explanation. It just {{em|[is]}}. All of the best. There is nothing like it. To be part of a real {{em|masterpiece}} which changed the world's thinking. It's awesome."INTERVIEW, Hauer, Rutger, Rutger Hauer,weblink Chatroom Transcripts: Live Chat February 7, 2001, February 7, 2001, RutgerHauer.org, July 27, 2011,weblink" title="archive.today/20120909185908weblink">weblink September 9, 2012, dead, {{self-published source |date=February 2018 |reason=This is a permissible SPS, per WP:ABOUTSELF.}} Hauer rewrote his character's "tears in rain" speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming.Blade Runner used a number of then-lesser-known actors: Sean Young portrays Rachael, an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell's niece, causing her to believe she is human;{{sfn|Sammon|p=92–93}} Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role. Daryl Hannah portrays Pris, a "basic pleasure model" replicant; Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role, but was given another part in the film, which was ultimately cut before filming. Debbie Harry turned down the role of Pris.WEB,weblink 10 Things You Never Knew About Blade Runner, NME, October 5, 2017, October 8, 2021, October 10, 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Debbie Harry: 'My biggest regret is turning down Blade Runner', June 16, 2014, October 8, 2021, January 9, 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180109040050weblink">weblink live, Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging, requiring several screen tests with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard. Paull was cast as Deckard's fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests. Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski, a combat and laborer replicant, and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora, an assassin replicant.Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff. Olmos drew on diverse ethnic sources to help create the fictional "Cityspeak" language his character uses in the film.{{sfn|Sammon|p=115–116}} His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means, "Horse dick [bullshit]! No way. You are the Blade ... Blade Runner."{{sfn|Sammon|p=115–116}} M. Emmet Walsh portrays Captain Bryant, a rumpled, hard-drinking and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre. Joe Turkel portrays Dr. Eldon Tyrell, a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves. William Sanderson was cast as J. F. Sebastian, a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity. J. F. sympathizes with the replicants, whom he sees as companions,{{sfn|Bukatman|p=72}} and he shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease.{{sfn|Sammon|p=170}} Joe Pantoliano had earlier been considered for the role.INTERVIEW, Sanderson, William, William Sanderson, Brinkley, Aaron, A Chat with William Sanderson,weblink BladeZone, October 5, 2000, July 27, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140428173457weblink">weblink April 28, 2014, James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew, an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes, and Hy Pyke portrayed the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis – in a single take, something almost unheard-of with Scott, whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double-digit takes.{{sfn|Sammon|p=150}}Design
Scott credits Edward Hopper's painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Métal Hurlant, to which the artist Jean "Moebius" Giraud contributed, as stylistic mood sources.{{sfn|Sammon|p=74}} He also drew on the landscape of "Hong Kong on a very bad day"{{citation |last=Wheale |first=Nigel |year=1995 |title=The Postmodern Arts: An Introductory Reader |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dGfKmubQIgC&pg=PA107 |page=107 |isbn=978-0-415-07776-7 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044700weblink |url-status=live}} and the industrial landscape of his one-time home in northeast England.{{citation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/09/20/bfscott20.xml&sSheet=/arts/2003/09/20/ixartright.html |title=Director Maximus |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=July 27, 2011 |date=September 20, 2003 |location=London |first=Mark |last=Monahan |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080621145411weblink">weblink |archive-date=June 21, 2008 |url-status=dead}} The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia.{{citation |url=http://www.irishartsreview.com/green-energy/?showall=1 |title=Irish Arts Review |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106000514weblink |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |url-status=live}} Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist; like Scott, he was influenced by Métal Hurlant.{{sfn|Sammon|p=53}} Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre-production of Blade Runner, but he declined so that he could work on René Laloux's animated film Les Maîtres du temps – a decision that he later regretted.{{citation |last=Giraud |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Giraud |year=1988 |title=Moebius 4: The Long Tomorrow & Other SF Stories |isbn=978-0-87135-281-1 |publisher=Marvel Comics}} Production designer Lawrence G. Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott's and Mead's sketches. Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film, and Mark Stetson served as chief model maker.WEB,weblink The Miniature Models of Blade Runner, VFX Voice, October 2, 2017, March 20, 2018, Failes, Ian,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180321063433weblink">weblink March 21, 2018, live, Blade Runner has numerous similarities to Fritz Lang's Metropolis, including a built-up urban environment, in which the wealthy literally live above the workers, dominated by a huge building – the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner. Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner{{'}}s miniature building shots.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bukatman|1p=61–63|2a1=Sammon|2p=111}}The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick. Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining.WEB,weblink Quentin Tarantino, Ridley Scott, Danny Boyle, & More Directors on THR's Roundtables I, 2016, February 4, 2018, The Hollywood Reporter, YouTube, live,weblink January 6, 2016, NEWS,weblink Ridley Scott: I used footage from Kubrick's The Shining in Blade Runner, Uproxx, Hitfix, December 10, 2015, February 4, 2018, Eggersten, Chris,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170711203958weblink">weblink July 11, 2017, live, WEB,weblink Ridley Scott Reveals Stanley Kubrick Gave Him Footage from The Shining for Blade Runner Ending, The Hollywood Reporter, Howard, Annie, December 10, 2015, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160114141701weblink">weblink January 14, 2016,Spinner
Spinner (Blade Runner)}}File:Spinner3.jpg|thumb|A "spinner" (police variant) on display at Disney-MGM Studios in the 1990s]]"Spinner" is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film. A spinner can be driven as a ground-based vehicle, and take off vertically, hover, and cruise much like vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. They are used extensively by the police as patrol cars, and wealthy people can also acquire spinner licenses.{{sfn|Sammon|p=79–80}} The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an aerodyne – a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift, though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines: "conventional internal combustion, jet, and anti-gravity".{{citation |title=The Top 40 Cars from Feature Films: 30. Police Spinner |url=http://www.screenjunkies.com/movies/movie-news/the-top-40-cars-from-feature-films-30-26/ |work=ScreenJunkies |access-date=July 27, 2011 |date=March 30, 2010 |quote=though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines: "conventional internal combustion, jet and anti-gravity". |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140404023133weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 4, 2014}} A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington.WEB,weblink Museum of Pop Culture, Experience Music Project / Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame (EMP/SFM),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110124232804weblink">weblink January 24, 2011, dead, Mead's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield; at least two were working ground vehicles, while others were light-weight mockups for crane shots and set decoration for street shots.INTERVIEW,weblink BladeZone, Deconstructing the Spinner, Winfield, Gene, Gene Winfield, Willoughby, Gary, July 27, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130927020356weblink">weblink September 27, 2013, Two of them ended up at Disney World in Orlando, Florida, but were later destroyed, and a few others remain in private collections.Voight-Kampff machine
The Voight-Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool, originating from the novel (where it is spelled "Voigt-Kampff"). The Voight-Kampff is a polygraph-like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant. It measures bodily functions such as respiration, blush response, heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy.{{sfn|Sammon|p=106–107}}Music
Blade Runner (soundtrack)}}The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film noir retro-future envisioned by Scott. Vangelis, fresh from his Academy Award-winning score for Chariots of Fire,{{citation |author=Vangelis |author-link=Vangelis |title=Blade Runner – Scoring the music |work=NemoStudios.co.uk |url=http://www.nemostudios.co.uk/bladerunner/index.htm |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131019015508weblink">weblink |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}{{self-published source |date=February 2018 |reason=This SPS is permissible per WP:ABOUTSELF.}} composed and performed the music on his synthesizers.{{sfn|Sammon|p=271–274}} He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos.{{sfn|Sammon|p=419–423}} Another memorable sound is the tenor sax solo "Love Theme" by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey, who performed on many of Vangelis's albums. Ridley Scott also used "Memories of Green" from the Vangelis album See You Later, an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me.{{citation |last=Larsen |first=Peter |title=Film music |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86189-341-3 |page=179}}Along with Vangelis's compositions and ambient textures, the film's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia – "Ogi no Mato" or "The Folding Fan as a Target" from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music – and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from "Harps of the Ancient Temples" on Laurel Records.{{sfn|Sammon|p=424}}Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score, and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film, the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade. There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner. In light of the lack of a release of an album, the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original. Some of the film tracks would, in 1989, surface on the compilation Vangelis: Themes, but not until the 1992 release of the Director's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film's score see commercial release.{{sfn|Sammon|p=419–423}}These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years. A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings, and in 1993 "Off World Music, Ltd" created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis' official CD in 1994.{{sfn|Sammon|p=419–423}} A set with three CDs of Blade Runner-related Vangelis music was released in 2007. Titled Blade Runner Trilogy, the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release, the second features previously unreleased music from the movie, and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis, inspired by, and in the spirit of the movie.{{citation |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11110-blade-runner-trilogy-25th-anniversary/ |title=Album Review: Vangelis: Blade Runner Trilogy: 25th Anniversary |first=Mike |last=Orme |work=Pitchfork |access-date=July 27, 2011 |date=February 7, 2008 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131029200702weblink">weblink |archive-date=October 29, 2013}}Special effects
The film's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best in the genre,{{citation |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a1775/4218376/ |title=Blade Runner at 25: Why the Sci-Fi F/X Are Still Unsurpassed |first=Adam |last=Savage |work=Popular Mechanics |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150402130018weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |date=July 2007}}{{citation |url=https://www.empireonline.com/features/cinemas-greatest-vfx-shots/p6 |title=Los Angeles 2019 (Blade Runner) – Cinema's Greatest Effects Shots Picked by Hollywood's Top VFX Specialists |work=Empire |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150518075420weblink">weblink |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |date=October 2, 2015}} using the available (non-digital) technology to the fullest. Special effects engineers who worked on the film are often praised for the innovative technology they used to produce and design certain aspects of those visuals. In addition to matte paintings and models, the techniques employed included multipass exposures. In some scenes, the set was lit, shot, the film rewound, and then rerecorded over with different lighting. In some cases this was done 16 times in all. The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers. Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind.{{citation |url=http://douglastrumbull.com/key-fx-sequences-blade-runner-spinner-vehicles |title=Blade Runner: Spinner Vehicles |work=DouglasTrumbull.com |publisher=Trumbull Ventures |year=2010 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150704062943weblink">weblink |archive-date=July 4, 2015}}{{self-published source |date=February 2018 |reason=This is a permissible SPS, per WP:ABOUTSELF.}}Release
Theatrical run
Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25, 1982. That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr. because his previous highest-grossing films (Star Wars and Alien) had a similar opening date (May 25) in 1977 and 1979, making the 25th of the month his "lucky day".{{sfn|Sammon|p=309}} Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend; earning $6.1 million during its first weekend in theaters.{{citation |last=Harmetz |first=Aljean |title=E.T. May Set Sales Record |at=Section C, Cultural Desk, page 9 |work=The New York Times |date=June 29, 1982}} The film was released close to other major science-fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing, (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan), Conan the Barbarian and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which affected its commercial success.{{sfn|Sammon|p=316}}Versions
Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown. The original workprint version (1982, 113 minutes) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982. Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U.S. theatrical version.{{citation |last=Kaplan |first=Fred |title=A Cult Classic Restored, Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/movies/30kapl.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 30, 2007 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131220052847weblink">weblink |archive-date=December 20, 2013}}{{sfn|Sammon|p=289}} The workprint was shown as a director's cut without Scott's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990, at an AMPAS showing in April 1991, and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bukatman|1p=36–37|2a1=Sammon|2p=334–340}} Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director's cut.{{sfn|Bukatman|p=37}} A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once, in May 1982, and was almost identical to the U.S. theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version, including the 2007 Final Cut.{{sfn|Sammon|p=306 and 309–311}}Two versions were shown in the film's 1982 theatrical release: the U.S. theatrical version (117 minutes),WEB,weblink Blade Runner, British Board of Film Classification, May 27, 1982, January 8, 2016, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160322161256weblink">weblink March 22, 2016, known as the original version or Domestic Cut (released on Betamax, CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983, and on LaserDisc in 1987), and the International Cut (117 minutes), also known as the "Criterion Edition" or "uncut version", which included more violent action scenes than the U.S. version. Although initially unavailable in the U.S. and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video releases, the International Cut was later released on VHS and The Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America, and re-released in 1992 as a "10th Anniversary Edition".{{sfn|Sammon|p=326–329}}Ridley Scott's Director's Cut (1992, 116 minutes)WEB,weblink Blade Runner [Director's Cut], British Board of Film Classification, September 29, 1992, January 8, 2016, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160406204404weblink">weblink April 6, 2016, had significant changes from the theatrical version including the removal of Deckard's voice-over, the re-insertion of the unicorn sequence, and the removal of the studio-imposed happy ending. Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros. through film preservationist Michael Arick, who was put in charge of creating the Director's Cut.{{sfn|Sammon|p=353, 365}}Scott's definitive The Final Cut (2007, 117 minutes)WEB,weblink Blade Runner [The Final Cut], British Board of Film Classification, October 12, 2007, January 8, 2016, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160305203132weblink">weblink March 5, 2016, was released by Warner Bros. theatrically on October 5, 2007, and subsequently released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc in December 2007.{{citation |title=Blade Runner: The Final Cut |date=July 26, 2007 |url=http://www.thedigitalbits.com/site_archive/articles/br2007/announce.html |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140222043104weblink">weblink |work=The Digital Bits |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=February 22, 2014}} This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control.{{sfn|Sammon|p=353, 365}}Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 89% approval rating based on 131 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Misunderstood when it first hit theaters, the influence of Ridley Scott's mysterious, neo-noir Blade Runner has deepened with time. A visually remarkable, achingly human sci-fi masterpiece."WEB,weblink Blade Runner (1982), Rotten Tomatoes, Fandango Media, Fandango, June 1, 2022, June 5, 2020,weblink live, Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".WEB,weblink Blade Runner (1982), Metacritic, CBS Interactive, April 3, 2020, April 16, 2020,weblink live, Initial reactions among film critics were mixed. Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film's special effects and did not fit the studio's marketing as an action and adventure film. Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time.{{sfn|Sammon|p=313–315}} Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace.{{citation |last=Hicks |first=Chris |date=September 11, 1992 |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700000200/Blade-Runner.html |title=Movie review: Blade Runner |work=Deseret News |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407001657weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 7, 2014}} Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it "Blade Crawler", and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as "science fiction pornography".Quoted in {{harvnb|Sammon|p=313 and 314}}, respectively. Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci-fi vision, yet criticized the film's lack of development in "human terms".{{citation |last=Kael |first=Pauline |title=Taking It All In |year=1984 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-069361-8 |pages=360–365}} Ares magazine said, "Misunderstood by audiences and critics alike, it is by far the best science fiction film of the year."JOURNAL, John, Christopher, Film & Television, Ares (magazine), Ares, TSR, Inc., Winter 1983, 13, 43,Cultural analysis
Academics began analyzing the film almost as soon as it was released. One of the first books on the film was Paul M. Sammon's Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner (1996),BOOK, Sammon, Paul M.,weblink Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner, 1996, Orion Media, 978-0-7528-0740-9, en, October 1, 2020, April 14, 2021,weblink live, which dissects all the details concerning the film making. He was followed by Scott Bukatman's Blade RunnerBukatman, Scott. Blade Runner. London: BFI, 1997. and other books and academic articles.{{citation |last=Williams |first=Douglas E. |url=https://philosophy.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/Ideology%20as%20Dystopia%20-%20An%20Interpretation%20of%20Blade%20Runner%20-%20Douglas%20E.%20Williams.pdf |title=Ideology as Dystopia: An Interpretation of "Blade Runner" |work=International Political Science Review |volume=9 |issue=4 |date=October 1988 |pages=381–394 |access-date=October 13, 2015 |jstor=1600763 |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink |archive-date=July 8, 2016 |publisher=[Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd.]}} In Postmodern Metanarratives: Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image, Décio Torres Cruz analyzes the philosophical and psychological issues and the literary influences in Blade Runner. He examines the film's cyberpunk and dystopic elements by establishing a link between the Biblical, classical and modern traditions and the postmodern aspects in the film's collage of several literary texts.BOOK, Torres Cruz, Décio,weblink Postmodern Metanarratives: Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image, 2014, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 978-1-137-43972-7, en, September 18, 2020, October 9, 2020,weblink live, The boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film,Dalton, Stephen (October 26, 2016). "Blade Runner: anatomy of a classic" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015064343weblink |date=October 15, 2017 }}. British Film Institute. which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects, questions regarding "authentic" humanity, ecofeminist aspects{{citation |last=Jenkins |first=Mary |url=http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/172/210 |year=1997 |title=The Dystopian World of Blade Runner: An Ecofeminist Perspective |journal=Trumpeter |volume=14 |issue=4 |access-date=October 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914233708weblink |archive-date=September 14, 2017 |url-status=live}} and use of conventions from multiple genres.{{citation |last1=Doll |first1=Susan |last2=Faller |first2=Greg |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1314619891/blade-runner-and-genre-film-noir-and-science-fiction |title=Blade Runner and Genre: Film Noir and Science Fiction |work=Literature Film Quarterly |year=1986 |volume=14 |issue=2 |access-date=October 13, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink |archive-date=October 13, 2015}} Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released.Gray, Tim (June 24, 2017). "'Blade Runner' Turns 35: Ridley Scott's Unloved Film That Became a Classic" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705010740weblink |date=July 5, 2017 }}. Variety.{{citation |last=Shone |first=Tom |title=Woman: The Other Alien in Alien |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2012/06/prometheus_why_are_academics_so_obsessed_with_ridley_scott_s_alien_and_its_sequels_.html |date=June 6, 2012 |work=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink |archive-date=April 24, 2016}}{{citation |last=Jagernauth |first=Kevin |title=Blade Runner Is Almost a Religion for Me: Denis Villeneuve Talks Directing the Sci-fi Sequel |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/blade-runner-is-almost-a-religion-for-me-denis-villeneuve-talks-directing-the-sci-fi-sequel-20150428 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |work=IndieWire |date=April 28, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001045525weblink |archive-date=October 1, 2015}} Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director's Cut and recommended it for that reason; however, he found the human story clichéd and a little thin. He later added The Final Cut to his "Great Movies" list.WEB,weblink Blade Runner: The Final Cut Movie Review (1982), Ebert, Roger, RogerEbert.com, June 18, 2016, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160627095550weblink">weblink June 27, 2016, Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire and subsequent influence on films.{{citation |last=Rodley |first=Chris |title=Blade Runner: The Director's Cut |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/blade_runner_the_directors_cut/ |access-date=October 14, 2015 |work=frieze |year=1993 |url-status=dead |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080905211517weblink">weblink |archive-date=September 5, 2008}} In 2012, Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability, complexity, screenplay, sets and production dynamics from a personal, three-decade perspective.Blade Runner at 30: Celebrating Ridley Scott's Dystopian Vision {{webarchive |url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161219180842weblink">weblink |date=December 19, 2016}}, Time, Richard Corliss, June 25, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2017. Denis Villeneuve, who directed the sequel, Blade Runner 2049, cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others.It has also been noted for its postmodernist approach and that it contributes to the historical development of modern dystopia in film.JOURNAL, Bruno, Giuliana, 1987, Ramble City: Postmodernism and Blade Runner, October, 41, 61–74, 10.2307/778330, 778330, Furthermore, the futuristic version of Los Angeles has been widely discussed by academics with some comparing it to Milton's descriptions of hell in Paradise Lost.JOURNAL, Desser, David, 1985, Blade Runner: Science Fiction & Transcendence, Literature/Film Quarterly; Salisbury, 13, 172–179, {{ProQuest, 226985939, }} A 2019 retrospective in the BBC argued that elements of the film's socio-political themes remained prescient in the real year of the film's setting, such as its depiction of climate change.WEB, Barnett, David, Are we living in a Blade Runner world?,weblink June 30, 2022, www.bbc.com, en, June 30, 2022,weblink live, From a more philosophical perspective, Alison Landsberg described Scott's direction of the film as a "prosthetic memory"—an action that has never happened and appears to be divorced from lived experience, yet it defines personhood and identity within the wider Blade Runner universe.JOURNAL, Landsberg, Alison, 144020560, 1995, Prosthetic Memory: Total Recall and Blade Runner, Body & Society, 1, 3–4, 175–189, 10.1177/1357034X95001003010,Awards and nominations
Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards:{{citation |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/5994/Blade-Runner/awards |title=Blade Runner |access-date=July 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130517200337weblink">weblink |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=The New York Times |date=2013 |archive-date=May 17, 2013}}{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"Themes
The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels. It employs some of the conventions of film noir, among them the character of a femme fatale; narration by the protagonist (in the original release); chiaroscuro cinematography; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook – extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity.Barlow, Aaron "Reel Toads and Imaginary Cities: Philip K. Dick, Blade Runner and the Contemporary Science Fiction Movie" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=43–58}}.Jermyn, Deborah "The Rachael Papers: In Search of Blade Runners Femme Fatale" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=159–172}}. It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris.{{citation |url=http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/172/210 |title=The Dystopian World of Blade Runner: An Ecofeminist Perspective |access-date=July 27, 2011 |journal=Trumpeter |last=Jenkins |first=Mary |year=1997 |volume=14 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214004426weblink |archive-date=February 14, 2009 |url-status=live}} It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood,Kerman, Judith B. "Post-Millennium Blade Runner" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=31–39}}. and literary sources, such as FrankensteinAlessio, Dominic "Redemption, 'Race', Religion, Reality and the Far-Right: Science Fiction Film Adaptations of Philip K. Dick" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=59–76}} and William Blake.JOURNAL, Harley, Alexis, America, a prophecy: when Blake meets Blade Runner, Sydney Studies in English, 31, 61–75,weblink 107741379, January 29, 2022, February 10, 2024,weblink live, Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental,{{sfn|Sammon|p=384}} fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851.WEB, Edwards, Jacob, 'A Most Unconvincing Replicant: Allegory and Intelligence in Blade Runner's Chess Game', by Jacob Edwards,weblink The Lifted Brow, December 27, 2013, April 7, 2019,weblink April 6, 2019, live, Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past, using literature, religious symbolism, classical dramatic themes, and film noir techniques. This tension between past, present, and future is represented in the "retrofitted" future depicted in the film, one which is high-tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere. In an interview with The Observer in 2002, director Ridley Scott described the film as "extremely dark, both literally and metaphorically, with an oddly masochistic feel". He also said that he "liked the idea of exploring pain" in the wake of his brother's death: "When he was ill, I used to go and visit him in London, and that was really traumatic for me."{{citation |last=Barber |first=Lynn |title=Scott's Corner |date=January 6, 2002 |url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,628186,00.html |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080720054223weblink">weblink |url-status=dead |work=The Observer |location=London |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=July 20, 2008}}A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film: corporate power looms large; the police seem omnipresent; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored –especially regarding replicants' implanted memories. The film depicts a world post ecocide, where warfare and capitalism have led to destruction of 'normal' ecological systems.{{citation |last=Leaver |first=Tama |title=Post-Humanism and Ecocide in William Gibson's Neuromancer and Ridley Scott's Blade Runner |url=http://project.cyberpunk.ru/idb/post-humanism_and_ecocide.html |year=1997 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703104841weblink |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |via=The Cyberpunk Project}}{{self-published source|date=February 2018}}BOOK, Avenging nature: the role of nature in modern and contemporary art and literature, 2020, Lexington Books, 978-1-79362-145-0, Valls Oyarzun, Eduardo, Ecocritical theory and practice, Lanham Boulder NewYork London, 13, Gualberto Valverde, Rebeca, Malla GarcÃa, Noelia, Colom Jiménez, MarÃa, Cordero Sánchez, Rebeca, Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale, and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life; for example, artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors.WEB, Representations of Ecocide in Blade Runner and Neuromancer,weblink June 21, 2023, project.cyberpunk.ru, July 3, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130703104841weblink">weblink live, This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to "off-world" (extraterrestrial) colonies. Eyes are a recurring motif, as are manipulated images, calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it.{{sfn|Bukatman|p=9–11}}Heldreth, Leonard G. "The Cutting Edges of Blade Runner" in {{Harvp|Kerman|1991|p=44}} The film also consists of themes of Japan as a power, coming amid a time of Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States.WEB, Cheded, Farah, June 29, 2017, Quite an Experience to Live in Fear: An In-Depth Look at How the Anxieties that Inspired 'Blade Runner' Fare Today,weblink February 13, 2024, Film School Rejects, en-US, These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner{{'}}s central theme of examining humanity. In order to discover replicants, an empathy test is used, with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals – seemingly an essential indicator of one's "humanity". Replicants will not respond the same way humans would, showing a lack of concern. The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be a replicant, in the process asking the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human.Gwaltney, Marilyn. "Androids as a Device for Reflection on Personhood" in {{Harvp|Kerman|1991|p=32–39}}The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film's release.{{sfn|Bukatman|p=80–83}}NEWS,weblink Is Deckard a Replicant? The history of Blade Runner's most enduring mystery, The Daily Telegraph, Tristram Fane Saunders, October 5, 2017, March 12, 2019,weblink March 11, 2019, live, Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human, while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity.{{sfn|Sammon|p=362}} Ridley Scott has stated that in his vision, Deckard is a replicant.{{citation |editor-last=Peary |editor-first=Danny |year=1984 |title=Omni's Screen Flights, Screen Fantasies: The Future According to Science Fiction |chapter=Directing Alien and Blade Runner: An Interview with Ridley Scott |publisher=Omni / Doubleday |pages=293–302 |isbn=978-0-385-19202-6 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/omnisscreenfligh00pear/page/293}}{{citation |access-date=July 27, 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/movies/30kapl.html |title=A Cult Classic Restored, Again |last=Kaplan |first=Fred |date=September 30, 2007 |work=The New York Times |quote=The film's theme of dehumanization has also been sharpened. What has been a matter of speculation and debate is now a certainty: Deckard, the replicant-hunting cop, is himself a replicant. Mr. Scott confirmed this: 'Yes, he's a replicant. He was always a replicant.' |archive-url=weblink |archive-date=February 5, 2018}} Deckard's unicorn-dream sequence, inserted into Scott's Director's Cut and concomitant with Gaff's parting gift of an origami unicorn, is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant – because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard's implanted memories.NEWS,weblink What is a Blade Runner? And other questions you may have before seeing the sequel, Adam White, October 2, 2017, The Daily Telegraph, March 11, 2019, [RIDLEY SCOTT] Gaff, at the very end, leaves an origami, which is a piece of silver paper you might find in a cigarette packet, and it's a unicorn. Now, the unicorn in Deckard's daydream tells me that Deckard wouldn't normally talk about such a thing to anyone. If Gaff knew about that, it's Gaff's message to say, 'I've read your file, mate.',weblink March 29, 2019, live, {{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/825641.stm |title=Blade Runner riddle solved |date=July 9, 2000 |work=BBC News |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140406230204weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 6, 2014}} The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters, whether human or replicant, share the same dreams and recognize their affinity,Brooker, Peter "Imagining the Real: Blade Runner and Discourses on the Postmetropolis" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=9, 222}}. or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film's main theme.{{sfn|Bukatman|p=83}} The film's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as its textual richness, have permitted multiple interpretations.Hills, Matt "Academic Textual Poachers: Blade Runner as Cult Canonical Film" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=124–141}}.Legacy
Cultural impact
{{See also|Tears in rain monologue}}(File:Blade Runner spinner flyby.png|thumb|alt=Screenshot of a police spinner flying through a cityscape next to a large building which has a huge face projected onto it. In the distance a screen can be seen with writing and pictures on it|A police spinner flying beside enormous skyscrapers, some with electronic billboards on them. Special effects such as these were benchmarks and have been highly influential on the esthetics of subsequent sci-fi movies.)(File:Tesla Cybertruck outside unveil modified by Smnt.jpg|thumb|Tesla's Cybertruck was heavily inspired by Blade Runner.)While not initially a success with North American audiences, Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following.{{sfn|Sammon|p=318–329}} The film's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films, video games, anime, and television programs. For example, Ronald D. Moore and David Eick, the producers of the re-imagining of Battlestar Galactica, have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show.INTERVIEW, Moore, Ronald D., Ronald D. Moore, Eick, David, David Eick, Daniel Solove, Deven Desai and David Hoffman, Battlestar Galactica Interview,weblink Concurring Opinions, February 21, 2008, October 3, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111101202913weblink">weblink November 1, 2011, dead, The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses.{{citation |title=Aren't We All Just Replicants on the Inside? |date=October 2, 2007 |url=http://www.nysun.com/article/63805 |last=Rapold |first=Nicolas |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080905003256weblink">weblink |work=The New York Sun |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=September 5, 2008}}JOURNAL, Librarian Announces National Film Registry Selections, March 7, 1994, Library of Congress Information Bulletin,weblink May 20, 2020, March 8, 2021,weblink live, WEB, Complete National Film Registry Listing, Film Registry {{!, National Film Preservation Board {{!}} Programs at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=May 20, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031213743weblink|url-status=live}} In 2007, it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society.{{citation |title=The Visual Effects Society Unveils '50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time' |url=http://www.visualeffectssociety.com/system/files/15/files/ves50revelfin.pdf |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120604101515weblink">weblink |publisher=Visual Effects Society |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=June 4, 2012}} The film has also been the subject of parody, such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics,{{citation |title=Crazy: Blade Runner Parody |url=http://media.bladezone.com/contents/publications/magazines/crazy |last=Kissell |first=Gerry |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140428173626weblink">weblink |work=BladeZone |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=April 28, 2014}} Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci,{{citation |title=Albedo #0 |work=Grand Comics Database Project |url=http://www.comics.org/issue/37533/#218913 |last=Gallacci |first=Steven A. |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140406234202weblink">weblink |at="Bad Rubber" section |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=April 6, 2014}} and the Red Dwarf 2009 three-part miniseries "(Red Dwarf: Back to Earth|Back to Earth)".{{citation |title=Red Dwarf: Back To Earth – This Weekend's Essential Viewing – NME Video Blog |url=https://www.nme.com/blog/index.php?blog=121&title=red_dwarf_back_to_earth_this_weekend_s_e_1&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |last=Howard |first=Rob |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121011201714weblink">weblink |work=NME |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-date=October 11, 2012}}{{citation |title=Red Dwarf: Back to Earth – Director's Cut DVD 2009: Amazon.co.uk: Craig Charles, Danny John-Jules, Chris Barrie, Robert Llewellyn, Doug Naylor: DVD |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Red-Dwarf-Back-Earth-DVD/dp/B001UHO102 |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090614131802weblink">weblink |archive-date=June 14, 2009 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |date=June 15, 2009}} The anime series Psycho-Pass by Production I.G was also highly influenced by the movie.NEWS,weblink Directors's Panel with Katsuyuki Motohiro, Naoyoshi Shiotani, and Atsuko Ishizuka, March 30, 2013, December 30, 2013, Anime News Network, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131231145932weblink">weblink December 31, 2013, Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns, and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time.{{citation |last1=Jha |first1=Alok |last2=Rogers |first2=Simon |last3=Rutherford |first3=Adam |date=August 26, 2004 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/life/feature/story/0,13026,1290561,00.html |title='I've seen things...': Our expert panel votes for the top 10 sci-fi films |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070513161801weblink">weblink |archive-date=May 13, 2007 |url-status=dead}} It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists.{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3600802.stm |title=Blade Runner tops scientist poll |work=BBC News |date=August 26, 2004 |access-date=September 22, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140513202114weblink">weblink |archive-date=May 13, 2014}} Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell franchise, which itself has been highly influential to the future-noir genre.{{citation |title=Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence |first=Jim |last=Omura |date=September 16, 2004 |work=FPS Magazine |url=http://www.fpsmagazine.com/review/040916innocence.php |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131029193102weblink">weblink |archive-date=October 29, 2013}}{{citation |title=Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell |first=Steve |last=Rose |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 19, 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130308101232weblink">weblink |archive-date=March 8, 2013}} Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement.BOOK, Coplan, Amy, Davies, David, Blade Runner, 2015, Routledge, 978-1-136-23144-5,weblink July 13, 2017,weblink February 25, 2018, live, BOOK, Booker, M. Keith, Alternate Americas: Science Fiction Film and American Culture, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group, 978-0-275-98395-6,weblink July 13, 2017,weblink February 26, 2018, live, BOOK, Milner, Andrew, Literature, Culture and Society, 2005, Psychology Press, 978-0-415-30785-7,weblink July 13, 2017,weblink February 25, 2018, live, BOOK, Brown, Steven T., Tokyo Cyberpunk: Posthumanism in Japanese Visual Culture, 2016, Springer, 978-0-230-11006-9,weblink July 13, 2017,weblink February 25, 2018, live, It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk, which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering.WEB, Evans, Josh, What Is Biopunk?,weblink June 20, 2015, September 18, 2011, ScienceFiction.com,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150602151222weblink">weblink June 2, 2015, live, BOOK, Wohlsen, Marcus, Biopunk: Solving Biotech's Biggest Problems in Kitchens and Garages, Current Publishing, 2011,weblink 978-1-61723-002-8, August 24, 2017, October 20, 2021,weblink live, The film is also considered to be one of the early examples of the tech noirWEB,weblink One Movie Both Invented and Perfected the Tech Noir, Game Rant, Ben, Sherlock, February 21, 2021, November 4, 2023, August 26, 2022,weblink live, subgenre.The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century.{{citation |date=September 1, 2004 |last=Cigéhn |first=Peter |title=The Top 1319 Sample Sources (version 60) |url=http://semimajor.net/samples/sourcelist_20041019.txt |url-status=live |access-date=July 27, 2011 |work=Sloth.org |via=Semimajor.net |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131027045655weblink">weblink |archive-date=October 27, 2013}} The 2009 album I, Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film, and even features a track titled "Replicant".{{citation |url=http://www.metalcrypt.com/pages/review.php?revid=5620 |title=Deus Ex Machina – I, Human Review |work=The Metal Crypt |date=February 22, 2010 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407014949weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector,{{citation |title=Gaming Gurus |volume=14 |issue=4 |date=April 1, 2006 |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.04/gurus.html |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130903031100weblink">weblink |magazine=Wired |access-date=August 28, 2009 |archive-date=September 3, 2013}} designer of the video game Deus Ex, which displays evidence of the film's influence in both its visual rendering and plot. Indeed, the film's look – and in particular its overall darkness, preponderance of neon lights and opaque visuals – are easier to render than complicated backdrops, making it a popular reference point for video game designers.Atkins, Barry "Replicating the Blade Runner" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=79–91}}.Tosca, Susana P. "Implanted Memories, or the Illusion of Free Action" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=92–107}}. It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher,{{citation |last=Webster |first=Andrew |title=Cyberpunk meets interactive fiction: The art of Cypher |work=The Verge |date=October 17, 2012 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/17/3513666/cypher-cyberpunk-text-adventure-art |access-date=February 27, 2013 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140201201643weblink">weblink |archive-date=February 1, 2014}} Rise of the Dragon,{{citation |url=http://www.oldgames.sk/en/game/rise-of-the-dragon/ |title=Rise of the Dragon |work=OldGames.sk |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140202094447weblink">weblink |archive-date=February 2, 2014}}{{Citation |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3165122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=weblink" title="archive.today/20120718134327weblink">weblink |archive-date=July 18, 2012 |title=Tracing Replicants: We examine Blade Runner's influence on games |access-date=November 11, 2010 |work=1Up}} Snatcher,{{citation |url=http://snatcher.awardspace.co.uk/ |title=Blade Runner and Snatcher |work=AwardSpace.co.uk |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130725184859weblink">weblink |archive-date=July 25, 2013}} the Tex Murphy series,WEB,weblink The Top 10 Best Game Detectives, NowGamer, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120316140550weblink">weblink March 16, 2012, May 16, 2011, Beneath a Steel Sky,{{citation |url=http://beneath-a-steel-sky.en.softonic.com/ |title=Beneath a Steel Sky |work=Softonic.com |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131019221635weblink">weblink |archive-date=October 19, 2013}} (Flashback: The Quest for Identity), Bubblegum Crisis video games (and their original anime),{{citation |last=Lambie |first=Ryan |work=Den of Geek |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/673488/bubblegum_crisis_3d_liveaction_movie_on_the_way.html |title=Bubblegum Crisis 3D live-action movie on the way |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120104210806weblink">weblink |archive-date=January 4, 2012}}{{citation |url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2010/11/04/3d-live-action-bubblegum-crisis-movie-gets-a-direcor-and-a-start-date/ |title=3D Live Action Bubblegum Crisis Movie Gets a Director and a Start Date |work=Bleeding Cool |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407010840weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |date=November 4, 2010}} the role-playing game Shadowrun, the first-person shooter Perfect Dark,{{citation |url=http://www.next-gen.biz/features/retrospective-perfect-dark |title=Retrospective: Perfect Dark |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110221031328weblink">weblink |archive-date=February 21, 2011}} the shooter game Skyhammer,MAGAZINE, Ripper, The,weblink Europa!, GameFan, 2, 12, December 1994, 214, August 20, 2018,weblink March 2, 2019, live, WEB, Robertson, Andy,weblink Skyhammer – Now here's a game that really soars!, The Atari Times, June 2, 1996, August 20, 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180401080034weblink">weblink April 1, 2018, live, and the Syndicate series of video games.{{citation |url=http://syndicate.lubie.org/swars/html/swars_review_schrank.php |title=Syndicate Wars: Review |first=Chuck |last=Schrank |work=Gamezilla PC Games |via=Lubie.org |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130908204347weblink">weblink |archive-date=September 8, 2013}}{{citation |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/syndicate/syndicate.htm |title=Syndicate |work=HardcoreGaming101.net |access-date=November 10, 2010 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140101235954weblink">weblink |archive-date=January 1, 2014}}The logos of Atari, Bell, Coca-Cola, Cuisinart, Pan Am, and RCA, all market leaders at the time, were prominently displayed as product placement in the film, and all experienced setbacks after the film's release,{{citation |editor1-first=Lukas |editor1-last=Mariman |editor2-last=Chapman |editor2-first=Murray |date=December 2002 |version=4.1 |url=http://faqs.cs.uu.nl/na-dir/movies/blade-runner-faq.html |work=alt.fan.blade-runner |via=FAQs.CS.UU.nl |title=Blade Runner: Frequently Asked Questions |access-date=February 4, 2018 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180205104301weblink">weblink |archive-date=February 5, 2018}} leading to suggestions of a Blade Runner curse.{{sfn|Sammon|p=104}} Coca-Cola and Cuisinart recovered, and Tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before.WEB, The curse of Blade Runner's adverts,weblink BBC Newsbeat, September 11, 2018, February 27, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20181020170630weblink">weblink October 20, 2018, live, The design of Tesla's Cybertruck was inspired by the film.MAGAZINE,weblink Why the Tesla Cybertruck Looks So Weird, Wired, December 5, 2019,weblink December 5, 2019, live, Marshall, Aarian, Prior to its release Elon Musk promised that it would "look like something out of Blade Runner".WEB,weblink Blade Runner's art director Syd Mead is a huge fan of Tesla's new Cybertruck, Aaron, Holmes, Tyler, Sonnemaker, Business Insider, December 5, 2019,weblink November 28, 2019, live, Besides referring to the truck as the "Blade Runner Truck", Musk chose to debut the truck in order to coincide with the film's setting of November 2019.WEB,weblink Elon Musk Says Tesla Truck Reveal Will Coincide With 'Blade Runner' Date, Bill, Roberson, Forbes, December 5, 2019,weblink November 27, 2019, live, The film's art designer Syd Mead praised the truck and said he was "flattered" by the homage to Blade Runner.Media recognition
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"American Film Institute recognition
- AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 74
- AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 97
- AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 6 Science Fiction Film
In other media
Before filming began, Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M. Sammon to write a special issue about Blade Runner{{'}}s production which became the book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner.{{sfn|Sammon|p=1}} The book chronicles Blade Runner{{'}}s evolution, focusing on film-set politics, especially the British director's experiences with his first American film crew; of which producer Alan Ladd, Jr. has said, "Harrison wouldn't speak to Ridley and Ridley wouldn't speak to Harrison. By the end of the shoot Ford was 'ready to kill Ridley', said one colleague. He really would have taken him on if he hadn't been talked out of it."{{Citation |last=Shone |first=Tom |year=2004 |title=Blockbuster |isbn=978-0-7432-3990-5 |publisher=Simon & Schuster}} Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences as well as photographs of the film's production and preliminary sketches. A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007, and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online.{{citation |url=http://scribble.com/uwi/br/fn/ |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20010624131853weblink">weblink |archive-date=June 24, 2001 |title=Future Noir: Lost Chapters |work=2019: Off-World |via=Scribble.com |access-date=February 4, 2018}}Philip K. Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization, saying: "{{wj}}[I was] told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve-year-old audience" and it "would have probably been disastrous to me artistically". He added, "That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization – they were just furious. They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel, even though it cost them money. It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles."WEB, Riesman, Abraham, October 2, 2017, The Weird World of Blade Runner Spinoffs,weblink August 1, 2020, Vulture, en-us, October 28, 2020,weblink live, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was eventually reprinted as a tie-in, with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title.{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0pzCsR6yDQC |via=Google Books |title=Blade Runner: (Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?) |last=Dick |first=Philip K. |year=2007 |publisher=Del Rey Books |page=216 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |isbn=978-0-345-35047-3 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015407weblink |url-status=live}} Additionally, a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner: A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982.WEB,weblink Hear Blade Runner, Terminator, Videodrome & Other 70s, 80s & 90s Movies as Novelized AudioBooks, Colin, Marshall, Open Culture, September 14, 2015, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161224213224weblink">weblink December 24, 2016, Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation, (A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner), published in September 1982, which was illustrated by Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon, Dan Green, and Ralph Reese, and lettered by Ed King.WEB,weblink Marvel Super Special #22, Grand Comics Database,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140406235318weblink">weblink April 6, 2014, Blue Dolphin Enterprises published the film's screenplay combined with selected production storyboards as The Illustrated Blade Runner (June 1982);BOOK, Jonathan, Law, Cassell Companion to Cinema, 1997, 1995 [as Brewer's Cinema],weblink Cassell (publisher), Cassell, London, England, 534, 0-304-34938-0, Internet Archive, a book of original production artwork by Syd Mead, Mentor Huebner, Charles Knode, Michael Kaplan, and Ridley Scott as Blade Runner Sketchbook (1982);{{Harvp|Kerman|1991|p=231}} and The Blade Runner Portfolio (1982), a collection of twelve photographic prints, similar to the artist portfolios released by their Schanes & Schanes imprint.MAGAZINE, Stein, Michael, Blade Runner, June 1982, Fantastic Films, Fantastic Films Inc., Chicago, IL, 4, 5, 44, Ad, 0273-7043, There are two video games based on the film, both titled Blade Runner: one from 1985, a side-scrolling video game for Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC, which is marked as "a video game interpretation of the film score by Vangelis" rather than of the film itself (due to licensing issues); and another from 1997, a point-and-click adventure for PC by Westwood Studios. The 1997 game has a non-linear plot based in the Blade Runner world, non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI, and an unusual pseudo-3D engine (which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game.{{citation |last=Bates |first=Jason |title=Westwood's Blade Runner |work=PC Gamer |volume=4 |issue=9 |via=BladeZone |date=September 9, 1997 |url=http://media.bladezone.com/contents/game/BR-PCGame1.html | access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121127104952weblink">weblink |archive-date=November 27, 2012}} Eldon Tyrell, Gaff, Leon, Rachael, Chew, J. F. Sebastian and Howie Lee appear, and their voice files are recorded by the original actors, with the exception of Gaff, who is replaced by Javier Grajeda (as Victor Gardell) and Howie Lee, who is replaced by Toru Nagai.{{citation |url=http://www.brmovie.com/BR_Game_MW01.htm |title=The Blade Runner Game |work=BRMovie.com |editor-first=Lukas |editor-last=Mariman |display-editors=etal|access-date=August 10, 2010 |archive-url =weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080714055512weblink">weblink |archive-date = July 14, 2008}}{{self-published source|date=February 2018}} The player assumes the role of McCoy, another replicant-hunter working at the same time as Deckard.The television film (and later series) Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin-off of the film Total Recall (based on Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"), but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner.{{Citation |last=Robb |first=Brian J. |title=Counterfeit Worlds: Philip K. Dick on Film |pages=200–225 |publisher=Titan Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-84023-968-3}} Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted, as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo.{{citation |last=Platt |first=John |date=March 1, 1999 |url=http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue98/screen.html |title=A Total Recall spin-off that's an awful lot like Blade Runner |work=Science Fiction Weekly |volume=5 |issue=9 [total issue #98] |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080115153719weblink">weblink |archive-date=January 15, 2008}}Documentaries
The film has been the subject of several documentaries.- Blade Runner: Convention Reel (1982, 13 minutes)
- Co-directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B. Walker, shot and screened in 16 mm, featured no narrator, was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short "behind-the-scenes" segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot, as well as interviews with Ridley Scott, Syd Mead and Douglas Trumbull. Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition.Future Noir Revised & Updated Edition: The Making of Blade Runner
- On the Edge of Blade Runner (2000, 55 minutes)
- Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted/written by Mark Kermode. Interviews with production staff, including Scott, give details of the creative process and the turmoil during pre-production. Insights into Philip K. Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are provided by Paul M. Sammon and Hampton Fancher.{{citation |url=http://tyrell-corporation.pp.se/on-the-edge-of-blade-runner-documentury/ |title=On the Edge of Blade Runner |last=Ingels |first=Nicklas |work=Los Angeles, 2019 |via=Tyrell-Corporation.pp.se |access-date=July 27, 2011 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407015534weblink">weblink |archive-date=April 7, 2014}}
- Future Shocks (2003, 27 minutes)
- Directed by TVOntario.{{citation |url=http://tvo.org/program/131509/future-shocks |title=Future Shocks |work=TVO.org |publisher=TVOntario, Ontario Educational Communications Authority |access-date=July 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141224115432weblink">weblink |archive-date=December 24, 2014}} It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin, Syd Mead, and the cast, and commentary by science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer and from film critics.
- Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007, 213 minutes){{anchor|Dangerous Days}}
- Directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film. Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews, including extensive conversations with Ford, Young, and Scott.{{citation |url=http://www.chud.com/11285/interview-charles-de-lauzirika-blade-runner/ |title=Interview: Charles de Lauzirika (Blade Runner) |access-date=July 27, 2011 |work=CHUD.com |last=Fischer |first=Russ |date=February 8, 2007 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140202165850weblink">weblink |archive-date=February 2, 2014}} The documentary is presented in eight chapters, with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process. The final chapter examines Blade Runner's controversial legacy.{{citation |url=http://www.filmedge.net/BladeRunner/BRdvd.htm |title=Blade Runner – The Final Cut: 2-Disc Special Edition DVD Review |access-date=July 27, 2011 |work=FilmEdge.net |last=Weitz |first=Scott |date=December 16, 2007 |archive-url=weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130517092920weblink">weblink |archive-date=May 17, 2013}}
- All Our Variant Futures: From Workprint to Final Cut (2007, 29 minutes)
- Produced by Paul Prischman, appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition and provides an overview of the film's multiple versions and their origins, as well as detailing the seven-year-long restoration, enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut.
- Blade Runner Phenomenon (2021, 53 minutes)
- Directed by Boris Hars-Tschachotin and made by the France and Germany European public service channel ARTE, this documentary informs viewers using behind-the-scenes material from various sets, photos, original locations in Los Angeles, and interviews with those involved in the production.
Sequel and related media
(File:Prometheus-2012-easter-egg.jpeg|thumb|Screen capture of DVD bonus feature from Prometheus (2012), a dictated letter by Peter Weyland about Eldon Tyrell, chief executive officer of the Tyrell Corporation)A sequel was released in 2017, titled Blade Runner 2049, with Ryan Gosling alongside Ford in the starring roles.{{citation |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |title=Ryan Gosling Confirms He's in Blade Runner 2; Talks Shane Black's The Nice Guys |work=Collider |date=November 16, 2015 |url=https://collider.com/ryan-gosling-blade-runner-2-nice-guys/ |access-date=November 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117145759weblink |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |url-status=live}}WEB, Nudd, Tim, Ryan Gosling Set to Join Harrison Ford in Blade Runner Sequel,weblink People (magazine), People, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150823111753weblink">weblink August 23, 2015, It entered production in mid-2016 and is set decades after the first film.WEB,weblink Blade Runner 2 Officially Starts Filming This July, Haleigh, Foutch, January 25, 2016, Collider (website), Collider, October 6, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160722153052weblink">weblink July 22, 2016, live, Harrison Ford reprised his role as Rick Deckard. The film won two Academy Awards, for cinematography and visual effects.WEB,weblink The 90th Academy Awards | 2018, Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, August 14, 2020, April 17, 2018,weblink live, The world of Blade Runner has also come to be explored in animation. Blade Runner 2049 was preceded by the release of three short films that served as prequels, where the chronological first, Blade Runner Black Out 2022, was anime (the other two, (2036: Nexus Dawn) and (2048: Nowhere to Run), were live action, not animated).WEB,weblink Blade Runner 2049: five things we learned from the shorts, Ben, Child, September 29, 2017, The Guardian, February 1, 2022,weblink February 1, 2022, live, In November 2021, a Japanese-American anime television series called (Blade Runner: Black Lotus) was released. The series tells the story of a female replicant protagonist, rather than that of a male Blade Runner one.WEB,weblink Black Lotus: Everything you need to know about the Blade Runner anime, Martyn, Casserly, November 15, 2021, Tech Advisor, February 1, 2022, February 1, 2022,weblink live, MAGAZINE,weblink Hear Alessia Cara's New Song 'Feel You Now' in 'Blade Runner: Black Lotus' Opening Sequence, Heran, Mamo, August 5, 2021, Billboard (magazine), Billboard, February 1, 2022, February 1, 2022,weblink live, Dick's friend K. W. Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard's story, attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Gray, Christy "Originals and Copies: The Fans of Philip K. Dick, Blade Runner and K. W. Jeter" in {{harvnb|Brooker|pp=142–156}}. These are (Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human) (1995), (Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night) (1996), and (Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon) (2000).Blade Runner co-writer David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier, which he referred to as a "sidequel" or spiritual successor to the original film; the two are set in a shared universe.Cinescape, September/October 1998 issue A bonus feature on the Blu-ray for Prometheus, the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe, states that Eldon Tyrell, CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation, was the mentor of Guy Pearce's character Peter Weyland.NEWS,weblink Blade Runner 2049 Prequel Short Connects Events to Original 1982 Film, D'Alessandro, Anthony, August 31, 2017, Deadline Hollywood, October 3, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171102002005weblink">weblink November 2, 2017, live, In late 2022, Amazon announced a Blade Runner 2049 sequel series would be produced.{{citation |date=September 16, 2022 |title='Blade Runner 2049' Sequel Series Ordered at Amazon |work=variety.com |access-date=September 16, 2022 |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/blade-runner-2049-sequel-series-amazon-1235373625/ |archive-date=September 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916012252weblink |url-status=live }} On October 12, 2022, an apparent official approval to actually make a Blade Runner 2099 TV series was reported.NEWS, Caddy, Becca, Blade Runner 2099: everything we know so far – Everything we know about Amazon's upcoming Blade Runner 2099 series,weblink October 12, 2022, TechRadar, October 12, 2022, October 12, 2022,weblink live,See also
- Arcology
- Biorobotics
- List of dystopian films
- List of fictional robots and androids
- Synthetic biology
Notes
{{Reflist|group=nb}}References
{{Reflist}}Bibliography
- BOOK, Brooker, Will, 2005, The Blade Runner Experience, Wallflower, London, 978-1-904764-30-4, {{sfnRef, Brooker, }}
- BOOK, Bukatman, Scott, 1997, BFI Modern Classics: Blade Runner, London, British Film Institute, 978-0-85170-623-8, {{sfnRef, Bukatman, }}
- Doll, Susan, and Greg Faller. 1986. "Blade Runner and Genre: Film Noir and Science Fiction." Literature Film Quarterly 14 (2): 89–100.
- Eagan, Daniel (2010) America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, {{ISBN|0826429777}}, pages 775–776
- BOOK, Kerman, Judith, 1991, Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Android's Dream of Electric Sheep?, Bowling Green University Popular Press, 978-0-87972-510-5,
- JOURNAL, Macarthur, David, A Vision of Blindness: Bladerunner and Moral Redemption, Film-Philosophy, 2017, 21, 3, 371–391, 10.3366/film.2017.0056,weblink free,
- Morgan, David. Blade Runner at National Film Registry
- BOOK, Sammon, Paul M., 1996, Future Noir: the Making of Blade Runner, London, Orion Media, 978-0-06-105314-6, {{sfnRef, Sammon, }}
External links
{{Commons category}}- {{Official website}}
- {{IMDb title}}
- {{AllMovie title}}
- {{Metacritic film}}
- {{Mojo title|bladerunner}}
- {{Rotten Tomatoes|blade_runner}}
- {{TCMDb title|68982}}
- {{AFI film|68260}}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Blade Runner" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 1:30am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
- "Blade Runner" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 1:30am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
CONNECT
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED