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information privacy
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{{Short description|Legal issues regarding the collection and dissemination of data}}Information privacy is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, contextual information norms, and the legal and political issues surrounding them. BOOK
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
, Uberveillance and the social implications of microchip implants : emerging technologies
, Michael, M. G., Michael, Katina, 1976-
, 30 September 2013
, 978-1466645820, Hershey, PA, 843857020, It is also known as data privacyNEWS
, The New York Times
,weblink
, Canadian Inquiry Finds Privacy Issues in Sale of Used Products at Staples
, Ian Austen, June 22, 2011, 2019-05-14, or data protection.
, Michael, M. G., Michael, Katina, 1976-
, 30 September 2013
, 978-1466645820, Hershey, PA, 843857020, It is also known as data privacyNEWS
, The New York Times
,weblink
, Canadian Inquiry Finds Privacy Issues in Sale of Used Products at Staples
, Ian Austen, June 22, 2011, 2019-05-14, or data protection.
Authorities
Laws
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|{{See also|Information privacy law}} {{See also|Privacy law}}- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (European Union)WEB,weblink Data protection, 4 June 2021,
- General Personal Data Protection Law (Brazil)
- Data Protection Directive (European Union)
- California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) (California)
- Privacy Act (Canada)
- Privacy Act 1988 (Australia)
- Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 (India)
- China Cyber Security Law (CCSL) (China)
- Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) (China)
- Data Protection Act, 2012 (Ghana)
- Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)WEB,weblink Personal Data Protection Act Overview, www.pdpc.gov.sg, 20 Oct 2019, dead,weblink 23 December 2017,
- Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Philippines)Republic Act No. 10173: Data Privacy Act of 2012
- Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia
- Data Protection Act 2018 (United Kingdom)
- Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) (Bahrain)}}
Authorities by country
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|{{See also|Information commissioner|National data protection authority}}- National data protection authorities in the European Union and the European Free Trade Association
- Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (Australia)
- Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand)
- (, France)
- Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (Germany)
- Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data (Hong Kong)
- Data Protection Commissioner (Ireland)
- Office of the Data Protection Supervisor (Isle of Man)
- National Privacy Commission (Philippines)
- Personal Data Protection Commission ([hide]]])
- Turkish Data Protection Authority[edih] (KVKK, Turkey)
- Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (Switzerland)
- Information Commissioner's Office (ICO, United Kingdom)
- Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD, Spain)
Information types
Various types of personal information often come under privacy concerns.Cable television
This describes the ability to control what information one reveals about oneself over cable television, and who can access that information. For example, third parties can track IP TV programs someone has watched at any given time. "The addition of any information in a broadcasting stream is not required for an audience rating survey, additional devices are not requested to be installed in the houses of viewers or listeners, and without the necessity of their cooperations, audience ratings can be automatically performed in real-time."NEWS,weblink FreePatentsOnline.com, System for Gathering TV Audience Rating in Real Time in Internet Protocol Television Network and Method Thereof, 2010-01-14, 2011-06-07,Educational
In the United Kingdom in 2012, the Education Secretary Michael Gove described the National Pupil Database as a "rich dataset" whose value could be "maximised" by making it more openly accessible, including to private companies. Kelly Fiveash of The Register said that this could mean "a child's school life including exam results, attendance, teacher assessments and even characteristics" could be available, with third-party organizations being responsible for anonymizing any publications themselves, rather than the data being anonymized by the government before being handed over. An example of a data request that Gove indicated had been rejected in the past, but might be possible under an improved version of privacy regulations, was for "analysis on sexual exploitation".NEWS,weblink Psst: Heard the one about the National Pupil Database? Thought not, Fiveash, Kelly, 2012-11-08, The Register, 2012-12-12,Financial
Information about a person's financial transactions, including the amount of assets, positions held in stocks or funds, outstanding debts, and purchases can be sensitive. If criminals gain access to information such as a person's accounts or credit card numbers, that person could become the victim of fraud or identity theft. Information about a person's purchases can reveal a great deal about that person's history, such as places they have visited, whom they have contact with, products they have used, their activities and habits, or medications they have used. In some cases, corporations may use this information to target individuals with marketing customized towards those individual's personal preferences, which that person may or may not approve.Internet
The ability to control the information one reveals about oneself over the internet and who can access that information has become a growing concern. These concerns include whether email can be stored or read by third parties without consent or whether third parties can continue to track the websites that someone visited. Another concern is whether websites one visits can collect, store, and possibly share personally identifiable information about users.The advent of various search engines and the use of data mining created a capability for data about individuals to be collected and combined from a wide variety of sources very easily.NEWS,weblink Research explores data mining, privacy, Bergstein, Brian, 2006-06-18, USA Today, 2010-05-05, NEWS,weblink In this data-mining society, privacy advocates shudder, Bergstein, Brian, 2004-01-01, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, NEWS,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141219105358weblink">weblink dead, 2014-12-19, U.S. Demands Google Web Data, Swartz, Nikki, Information Management Journal, 2006, Vol. 40 Issue 3, p. 18 The FTC has provided a set of guidelines that represent widely accepted concepts concerning fair information practices in an electronic marketplace, called the Fair Information Practice Principles.To avoid giving away too much personal information, emails should be encrypted. Browsing of web pages as well as other online activities should be done traceless via "anonymizers", in case those are not trusted, by open-source distributed anonymizers, so-called mix nets, such as I2P or Tor (The Onion Router). VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) are another "anonymizer" that can be used to give someone more protection while online. This includes obfuscating and encrypting web traffic so that other groups cannot see or mine it.WEB,weblink VyprVPN Protects Your Privacy and Security {{!, Golden Frog|website=www.vyprvpn.com|access-date=2019-04-03}}Email is not the only internet content with privacy concerns. In an age where increasing amounts of information are online, social networking sites pose additional privacy challenges. People may be tagged in photos or have valuable information exposed about themselves either by choice or unexpectedly by others, referred to as participatory surveillance. Data about location can also be accidentally published, for example, when someone posts a picture with a store as a background. Caution should be exercised when posting information online. Social networks vary in what they allow users to make private and what remains publicly accessible.BOOK,weblink The Internet: Illustrated Series, Schneider, G., Evans, J., Pinard, K.T., Cengage Learning, 2008, 9781423999386, 156, 9 May 2018, Without strong security settings in place and careful attention to what remains public, a person can be profiled by searching for and collecting disparate pieces of information, leading to cases of cyberstalkingBOOK, Cyberstalking: Harassment in the Internet Age and How to Protect Your Family, Bocij, P., Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 9780275981181, 268, registration,weblink or reputation damage.BOOK,weblink Privacy, free expression and transparency: Redefining their new boundaries in the digital age, Cannataci, J.A., Zhao, B., Vives, G.T., UNESCO, 2016, 9789231001888, 26, etal, 9 May 2018, Cookies are used on websites so that users may allow the website to retrieve some information from the user's internet, but they usually do not mention what the data being retrieved is.JOURNAL, Bornschein, R., Schmidt, L., Maier, E., Bone, S. A., Pappalardo, J. K., Fitzgerald, M. P., April 2020, The Effect of Consumers' Perceived Power and Risk in Digital Information Privacy: The Example of Cookie Notices, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, en, 39, 2doi=10.1177/0743915620902143 | issn=0743-9156, free, In 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) passed a regulation that forces websites to visibly disclose to consumers their information privacy practices, referred to as cookie notices. This was issued to give consumers the choice of what information about their behavior they consent to letting websites track; however, its effectiveness is controversial. Some websites may engage in deceptive practices such as placing cookie notices in places on the page that are not visible or only giving consumers notice that their information is being tracked but not allowing them to change their privacy settings. Apps like Instagram and Facebook collect user data for a personalized app experience; however, they track user activity on other apps, which jeopardizes users' privacy and data. By controlling how visible these cookie notices are, companies can discreetly collect data, giving them more power over consumers.LocationalAs location tracking capabilities of mobile devices are advancing (location-based services), problems related to user privacy arise. Location data is among the most sensitive data currently being collected.BOOK,weblink Progress in Location-Based Services 2016, Ephemerality Is the New Black: A Novel Perspective on Location Data Management and Location Privacy in LBS, Ataei, M., Kray, C., Springer, 357â374, 2016, 9783319472898, 9 May 2018, A list of potentially sensitive professional and personal information that could be inferred about an individual knowing only their mobility trace was published in 2009 by the Electronic Frontier Foundation.WEB, Blumberg, A. Eckersley, P., On locational privacy and how to avoid losing it forever., 3 August 2009,weblink EFF, These include the movements of a competitor sales force, attendance of a particular church or an individual's presence in a motel, or at an abortion clinic. A recent MIT studyJOURNAL, de Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre, César A. Hidalgo, Michel Verleysen, Vincent D. Blondel, Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility, Scientific Reports, 3, 1376, March 25, 2013, 10.1038/srep01376, 23524645, 3607247, 2013NatSR...3E1376D, NEWS, Palmer, Jason, Mobile location data 'present anonymity risk',weblink 12 April 2013, BBC News, March 25, 2013, by de Montjoye et al. showed that four spatio-temporal points, approximate places and times, are enough to uniquely identify 95% of 1.5 million people in a mobility database. The study further shows that these constraints hold even when the resolution of the dataset is low. Therefore, even coarse or blurred datasets provide little anonymity.MedicalPeople may not wish for their medical records to be revealed to others due to the confidentiality and sensitivity of what the information could reveal about their health. For example, they might be concerned that it might affect their insurance coverage or employment. Or, it may be because they would not wish for others to know about any medical or psychological conditions or treatments that would bring embarrassment upon themselves. Revealing medical data could also reveal other details about one's personal life.JOURNAL, Aurelia, Nicholas-Donald, Francisco, Matus, Jesus, SeungEui, Ryu, M, Mahmood, Adam, 1 June 2017, The Economic Effect of Privacy Breach Announcements on Stocks: A Comprehensive Empirical Investigation,weblink Amcis 2011 Proceedings - All Submissions, There are three major categories of medical privacy: informational (the degree of control over personal information), physical (the degree of physical inaccessibility to others), and psychological (the extent to which the doctor respects patients' cultural beliefs, inner thoughts, values, feelings, and religious practices and allows them to make personal decisions).JOURNAL, Serenko, Natalia, Lida Fan, 2013, Patients' Perceptions of Privacy and Their Outcomes in Healthcare,weblink International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 4, 2, 101â122, 10.1504/IJBHR.2013.057359, Physicians and psychiatrists in many cultures and countries have standards for doctorâpatient relationships, which include maintaining confidentiality. In some cases, the physicianâpatient privilege is legally protected. These practices are in place to protect the dignity of patients, and to ensure that patients feel free to reveal complete and accurate information required for them to receive the correct treatment.WEB,weblink If a patient is below the age of 18-years does confidentiality still works or should doctor breach and inform the parents?15years girl went for... - eNotes, eNotes, To view the United States' laws on governing privacy of private health information, see HIPAA and the HITECH Act. The Australian law is the Privacy Act 1988 Australia as well as state-based health records legislation.PoliticalPolitical privacy has been a concern since voting systems emerged in ancient times. The secret ballot is the simplest and most widespread measure to ensure that political views are not known to anyone other than the voters themselvesâit is nearly universal in modern democracy and considered to be a basic right of citizenship. In fact, even where other rights of privacy do not exist, this type of privacy very often does. There are several forms of voting fraud or privacy violations possible with the use of digital voting machines.NEWS,weblink The Myth of the Hacker-Proof Voting Machine, Zetter, Kim, 2018-02-21, The New York Times, 2019-04-03, en-US, 0362-4331,LegalityThe legal protection of the right to privacy in general â and of data privacy in particular â varies greatly around the world.WEB,weblink Blurred Line: Zooming in on Google Street View and the Global Right to Privacy, Rakower, Lauren, 2011, brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171005101128weblink">weblink 2017-10-05, live, Laws and regulations related to Privacy and Data Protection are constantly changing, it is seen as important to keep abreast of any changes in the law and to continually reassess compliance with data privacy and security regulations.Robert Hasty, Dr Trevor W. Nagel and Mariam Subjally, Data Protection Law in the USA. (Advocates for International Development, August 2013.)WEB,weblink Archived copy,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925093457weblink">weblink 2015-09-25, dead, 2013-10-14, Within academia, Institutional Review Boards function to assure that adequate measures are taken to ensure both the privacy and confidentiality of human subjects in research.WEB,weblink Institutional Review Board - Guidebook, CHAPTER IV - CONSIDERATIONS OF RESEARCH DESIGN, October 5, 2017, www.hhs.gov, October 5, 2017, Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted â in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Informed consent mechanisms including dynamic consent are important in communicating to data subjects the different uses of their personally identifiable information. Data privacy issues may arise in response to information from a wide range of sources, such as:BOOK, Programme Management Managing Multiple Projects Successfully., 2009, Global India Pubns, Mittal, Prashant., 978-9380228204, 464584332,
Protection of privacy in information systemsAs heterogeneous information systems with differing privacy rules are interconnected and information is shared, policy appliances will be required to reconcile, enforce, and monitor an increasing amount of privacy policy rules (and laws). There are two categories of technology to address privacy protection in commercial IT systems: communication and enforcement.
United States Safe Harbor program and passenger name record issuesThe United States Department of Commerce created the International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles certification program in response to the 1995 Directive on Data Protection (Directive 95/46/EC) of the European Commission.WEB,weblink Protection of personal data, European Commission, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060616181201weblink">weblink 16 June 2006, Both the United States and the European Union officially state that they are committed to upholding information privacy of individuals, but the former has caused friction between the two by failing to meet the standards of the EU's stricter laws on personal data. The negotiation of the Safe Harbor program was, in part, to address this long-running issue.JOURNAL, Weiss and Archick, Martin A. and Kristin, May 19, 2016, U.S.-EU Data Privacy: From Safe Harbor to Privacy Shield, Congressional Research Service, Directive 95/46/EC declares in Chapter IV Article 25 that personal data may only be transferred from the countries in the European Economic Area to countries which provide adequate privacy protection. Historically, establishing adequacy required the creation of national laws broadly equivalent to those implemented by Directive 95/46/EU. Although there are exceptions to this blanket prohibition â for example where the disclosure to a country outside the EEA is made with the consent of the relevant individual (Article 26(1)(a)) â they are limited in practical scope. As a result, Article 25 created a legal risk to organizations which transfer personal data from Europe to the United States.The program regulates the exchange of passenger name record information between the EU and the US. According to the EU directive, personal data may only be transferred to third countries if that country provides an adequate level of protection. Some exceptions to this rule are provided, for instance when the controller themself can guarantee that the recipient will comply with the data protection rules.The European Commission has set up the "Working party on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data," commonly known as the "Article 29 Working Party". The Working Party gives advice about the level of protection in the European Union and third countries.WEB, EPIC â Article 29 Working Party,weblink 2021-03-20, epic.org, en, live,weblink 15 Aug 2021, The Working Party negotiated with U.S. representatives about the protection of personal data, the Safe Harbor Principles were the result. Notwithstanding that approval, the self-assessment approach of the Safe Harbor remains controversial with a number of European privacy regulators and commentators.WEB,weblink SEC (2004) 1323: The implementation of Commission Decision 520/2000/EC on the adequate protection of personal data provided by the Safe Harbour privacy Principles and related Frequently Asked Questions issued by the US Department of Commerce, European Commission, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060724173657weblink">weblink 20 October 2004, 24 July 2006, The Safe Harbor program addresses this issue in the following way: rather than a blanket law imposed on all organizations in the United States, a voluntary program is enforced by the Federal Trade Commission. U.S. organizations which register with this program, having self-assessed their compliance with a number of standards, are "deemed adequate" for the purposes of Article 25. Personal information can be sent to such organizations from the EEA without the sender being in breach of Article 25 or its EU national equivalents. The Safe Harbor was approved as providing adequate protection for personal data, for the purposes of Article 25(6), by the European Commission on 26 July 2000.WEB,weblink 2000/520/EC: Commission Decision of 26 July 2000 pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequacy of the protection provided by the safe harbour privacy principles and related frequently asked questions issued by the US Department of Commerce, Official Journal of the European Union, L Series, 215, 7â47, Eur-Lex, 25 August 2000, Under the Safe Harbor, adoptee organizations need to carefully consider their compliance with the onward transfer obligations, where personal data originating in the EU is transferred to the US Safe Harbor, and then onward to a third country. The alternative compliance approach of "binding corporate rules", recommended by many EU privacy regulators, resolves this issue. In addition, any dispute arising in relation to the transfer of HR data to the US Safe Harbor must be heard by a panel of EU privacy regulators.WEB,weblink Q&A on the European Data Protection Authorities Panel foreseen by the Safe Harbour Decision, European Commission, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060724174212weblink">weblink 2006-07-24, In July 2007, a new, controversial, Passenger Name Record agreement between the US and the EU was made.WEB, New EU-US PNR Agreement on the processing and transfer of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data â CHALLENGE | Liberty & Security,weblink usurped,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120112021643weblink">weblink 12 January 2012, 11 January 2022, libertysecurity.org, A short time afterwards, the Bush administration gave exemption for the Department of Homeland Security, for the Arrival and Departure Information System (ADIS) and for the Automated Target System from the 1974 Privacy Act.Statewatch, US changes the privacy rules to exemption access to personal data September 2007In February 2008, Jonathan Faull, the head of the EU's Commission of Home Affairs, complained about the US bilateral policy concerning PNR.Brussels attacks new US security demands, European Observer. See also Statewatch newsletter February 2008 The US had signed in February 2008 a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Czech Republic in exchange of a visa waiver scheme, without concerting before with Brussels.A divided Europe wants to protect its personal data wanted by the US, Rue 89, 4 March 2008 {{in lang|en}} The tensions between Washington and Brussels are mainly caused by a lesser level of data protection in the US, especially since foreigners do not benefit from the US Privacy Act of 1974. Other countries approached for bilateral MOU included the United Kingdom, Estonia, Germany and Greece.Statewatch, March 2008See also{hide}columns-list|colwidth=30em|
References{{Reflist|30em}}Further reading
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- "information privacy" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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