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elite
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{{short description|Group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual, social or economic status}}{{Other uses}}{{Globalize|1=article|2=US|date=July 2023}}File:The Royal Feast of Belshazzar Blaine and the Money Kings (1884).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Political cartoon from October 1884, showing wealthy plutocrats feasting at a table while a poor family begs beneath]]In political and sociological theory, the elite (, from , to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society."WEB, ELITE {{!, definition of the cambridge dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/elite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103173405weblink |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society.BOOK, Doob, Christopher, Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society, 2013, Pearson Education Inc., 978-0-205-79241-2, 18, "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'."BOOK, Doob, Christopher, Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society, 2013, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 978-0-205-79241-2, 38, BOOK, Mills, Charles W., The Power Elite, 4â5, It is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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United States universities
Youthful upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which open doors to elite universities, known as the Ivy League, which includes Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University (among others), and the universities' respective highly exclusive clubs, such as the Harvard Club of Boston. These memberships in turn pave the way to the prominent social clubs located in major cities and serve as sites for important business contacts.BOOK, Mills, Charles W., The Power Elite,weblink registration, 1956, 63â67, New York, Oxford University Press,Elitist privilege
According to Mills, men receive the education necessary for elitist privilege to obtain their background and contacts, allowing them to enter three branches of the power elite, which are:- Political leadership: Mills contended that since the end of World War II, corporate leaders had become more prominent in the political process, with a decline in central decision-making for professional politicians.
- Military Circle: In Mills' time a heightened concern about warfare existed, making top military leaders and such issues as defense funding and personnel recruitment very important. Most prominent corporate leaders and politicians{{Who|date=January 2022}} were strong proponents of military spending.{{When|date=January 2022}}
- Corporate elite: According to Mills, in the 1950s when the military emphasis was pronounced, it was corporate leaders working with prominent military officers who dominated the development of policies. These two groups tended to be mutually supportive.BOOK, Doob, Christopher, Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society, 2013, Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 978-0-205-79241-2, 39, BOOK, Mills, Charles W., The Power Elite,weblink registration, 1956, 274â276, New York, Oxford University Press,
Power elite
The power elite is a term used by Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, media, and government elites who control the principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence the decisions of the policymakers.power elite. (n.d.). The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Retrieved January 18, 2015, from Dictionary.com website:weblink The basis for membership of a power elite is institutional power, namely an influential position within a prominent private or public organization. A study of the French corporate elite has shown that social class continues to hold sway in determining who joins this elite group, with those from the upper-middle class tending to dominate.JOURNAL, Maclean, Mairi, Harvey, Charles, Kling, Gerhard, 2014-06-01, Pathways to Power: Class, Hyper-Agency and the French Corporate Elite, Organization Studies, en, 35, 6, 825â855, 10.1177/0170840613509919, 145716192, 0170-8406,weblink Another study (published in 2002) of power elites in the United States during the administration of President George W. Bush (in office 2001-2009) identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals.BOOK, Dye, Thomas, Who's Running America? The Bush Restoration, 7th edition,weblinkpublisher=Prentice Hall, 9780130974624, A later study of U.S. society noted demographic characteristics of this elite group as follows: {{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
Impacts on economyIn the 1970s an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes, especially for the wealthy, and a steady erosion of the welfare safety net.{{harvnb|Jenkins|Eckert|2000}} Starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation.{{harvnb|Francis|2007}} The wide range of financial and social capital accessible to the power elite gives their members heavy influence in economic and political decision making, allowing them to move toward attaining desired outcomes. Sociologist Christopher Doob gives a hypothetical alternative, stating that these elite individuals would consider themselves the overseers of the national economy. Also appreciating that it is not only a moral, but a practical necessity to focus beyond their group interests. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of less affluent citizens.Global politics and hegemonyMills determined that there is an "inner core" of the power elite involving individuals that are able to move from one seat of institutional power to another. They, therefore, have a wide range of knowledge and interests in many influential organizations, and are, as Mills describes, "professional go-betweens of economic, political, and military affairs".Mills, Charles W. The Power Elite, p 288. Relentless expansion of capitalism and the globalizing of economic and military power bind leaders of the power elite into complex relationships with nation states that generate global-scale class divisions. Sociologist Manuel Castells writes in The Rise of the Network Society that contemporary globalization does not mean that "everything in the global economy is global".BOOK, Castells, Manuel, The Rise of the Network Society, 1996, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Malden, MA, 978-1557866172, 101, So, a global economy becomes characterized by fundamental social inequalities with respect to the "level of integration, competitive potential and share of the benefits from economic growth".BOOK, Castells, Manuel, The Rise of the Network Society, 1996, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Malden, MA, 978-1557866172, 108, Castells cites a kind of "double movement" where on one hand, "valuable segments of territories and people" become "linked in the global networks of value making and wealth appropriation", while, on the other, "everything and everyone" that is not valued by established networks gets "switched off...and ultimately discarded". These evolutions have also led many social scientists to explore empirically the possible emergence of a new transnational and cohesive social class at the top of the social ladder: a global eliteJOURNAL, Cousin, Bruno, Chauvin, Sébastien, 2021, Is there a global super-bourgeoisie?,weblink Sociology Compass, en, 15, 6, e12883, 10.1111/soc4.12883, 234861167, 1751-9020, But, the wide-ranging effects of global capitalism ultimately affect everyone on the planet, as economies around the world come to depend on the functioning of global financial markets, technologies, trade and labor.See also{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
References{{Reflist|30em}}Further reading
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