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{{short description|Concept in psychology, literature, philosophy}}{{other uses}}The concept of an archetype ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|k|ɪ|t|aɪ|p}} {{respell|AR|ki|type}}; {{etymology|grc|{{noitalic|{{wikt-lang|grc|ἄρχω}}}} {{grc-transl|ἄρχω}}|to begin||{{noitalic|{{wikt-lang|grc|τύπος}}}} {{grc-transl|τύπος}}|sort, type}}) appears in areas relating to behavior, historical psychology, and literary analysis.An archetype can be any of the following:

1. a statement, pattern of behavior, prototype, "first" form, or a main model that other statements, patterns of behavior, and objects copy, emulate, or "merge" into. Informal synonyms frequently used for this definition include "standard example", "basic example", and the longer-form "archetypal example"; mathematical archetypes often appear as "(wikt:canonical|canonical) examples".
2. the Platonic concept of pure form, believed to embody the fundamental characteristics of a thing.
3. the Jungian psychology concept of an inherited unconscious predisposition, behavioural trait or tendency ("instinct") shared among the members of the species; as any behavioural trait the tendency comes to being by way of patterns of thought, images, affects or pulsions; unlike personality traits it is collective, not personal; and the tendency represents the evolutionary adaptation to specific cues from the environment: survival and thriving in the physical environment, the relating function, acquiring knowledge, etc. It is communicated graphically as archetypal "figures".
4. a constantly-recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting, or mythology. This definition refers to the recurrence of characters or ideas sharing similar traits throughout various, seemingly unrelated cases in classic storytelling, media, etc. This usage of the term draws from both comparative anthropology and from Jungian archetypal theory.

Archetypes are also very close analogies to instincts, in that, long before any consciousness develops, it is the impersonal and inherited traits of human beings that present and motivate human behavior.BOOK, Human Factors in Computing and Informatics: First International Conference, SouthCHI 2013, Maribor, Slovenia, July 1-3, 2013, Proceedings, Holzinger, Andreas, Ziefle, Martina, Hitz, Martin, Debevc, Matjaz, 2013-06-26, Springer, 9783642390616, Heidelberg, 18, They also continue to influence feelings and behavior even after some degree of consciousness developed later on.

Etymology

The word archetype, "original pattern from which copies are made," first entered into English usage in the 1540s.WEB,weblink Online Etymology Dictionary - Archetype, Douglas Harper, It derives from the Latin noun archetypum, latinisation of the Greek noun (archétypon), whose adjective form is (archétypos), which means "first-molded",, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus which is a compound of archḗ, "beginning, origin",ἀρχή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus and týpos, which can mean, amongst other things, "pattern", "model", or "type".τύπος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus It, thus, referred to the beginning or origin of the pattern, model or type.BOOK, English Studies: New Perspectives, Celikel, Mehmet, Taniyan, Baysar, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, 978-1443877275, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 13,

Archetypes in literature

Function

Usage of archetypes in specific pieces of writing is a holistic approach, which can help the writing win universal acceptance. This is because readers can relate to and identify with the characters and the situation, both socially and culturally. By deploying common archetypes contextually, a writer aims to impart realism to their work.WEB, 2013-08-19, Online Literary Device - Archetype Function,weblink According to many literary critics, archetypes have a standard and recurring depiction in a particular human culture or the whole human race that ultimately lays concrete pillars and can shape the whole structure in a literary work.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Story archetypes

Christopher Booker, author of (The Seven Basic Plots|The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories), argues that the following basic archetypes underlie all stories:BOOK, Christopher., Booker,weblink The seven basic plots : why we tell stories, 2004, Continuum, 978-0826452092, London, 57131450, registration,

1. Overcoming the Monster
2. Rags to Riches
3. The Quest
4. Voyage and Return
5. Comedy
6. Tragedy
7. (wikt:rebirth|Rebirth)

These themes coincide with the characters of Jung's archetypes.

Literary criticism

Archetypal literary criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works and that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths. Cultural archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or made concrete by recurring images, symbols, or patterns (which may include motifs such as the "quest" or the "heavenly ascent"; recognizable character types such as the "trickster", "saint", "martyr" or the "hero"; symbols such as the apple or the snake; and imagery) and that have all been laden with meaning prior to their inclusion in any particular work.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}The archetypes reveal shared roles universal among societies, such as the role of the mother in her natural relations with all members of the family. These archetypes create a shared imagery which is defined by many stereotypes that have not separated themselves from the traditional, biological, religious, and mythical framework.Sbaihat, Ahlam. 2012. "La imagen de la madre en el refranero español y jordano. Estudio de Paremiología comparada." España: Sociedad Española de Estudios Literarios de Cultura Popular, Oceanide 5.

Platonic archetypes

The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date as far back as Plato. Plato's eidos, or ideas, were pure mental forms that were imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. Some philosophers also translate the archetype as "essence" in order to avoid confusion with respect to Plato's conceptualization of Forms.BOOK, Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy, Seventh edition, Soccio, Douglas J., Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009, 9780495603825, Belmont, CA, 128, While it is tempting to think of Forms as mental entities (ideas) that exist only in our mind, the philosopher insisted that they are independent of any minds (real). Eidos were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities. In the seventeenth century, Sir Thomas Browne and Francis Bacon both employ the word archetype in their writings; Browne in The Garden of Cyrus (1658) attempted to depict archetypes in his usage of symbolic proper-names.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Jungian archetypes

{{Broader|Signified and signifier|Schema (Kant)}}The concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, c. 1919. Jung has acknowledged that his conceptualization of archetype is influenced by Plato's eidos, which he described as "the formulated meaning of a primordial image by which it was represented symbolically."BOOK, Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind, Knox, Jean, Brunner-Routledge, 2003, 978-1583911280, New York, 35, According to Jung, the term archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos, also believed to represent the word form. He maintained that Platonic archetypes are metaphysical ideas, paradigms, or models, and that real things are held to be only copies of these model ideas. However, archetypes are not easily recognizable in Plato's works in the way in which Jung meant them.BOOK, Philosophical Issues in the Psychology of C. G. Jung: Portraits, Policies, Programs, and Practices, Nagy, Marilyn, State University of New York Press, 1991, 978-0791404515, Albany, NY, 157, In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate, libidinally collective schemas, universal prototypes for idea-sensory impression images and may be used to interpret observations.BOOK Jung states in part one of Man And His Symbols that:{{blockquote|My views about the 'archaic remnants', which I call 'archetypes' or 'primordial images,' have been constantly criticized by people who lack sufficient knowledge of the psychology of dreams and of mythology. The term 'archetype' is often misunderstood as meaning certain definite mythological images or motifs, but these are nothing more than conscious representations. Such variable representations cannot be inherited. The archetype is a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic pattern.}}While there are a variety of categorizations of archetypes, Jung's configuration is perhaps the most well known and serves as the foundation for many other models. The four major archetypes to emerge from his work, which Jung originally terms primordial images, include the anima/animus, the self, the shadow, and the persona. Additionally, Jung referred to images of the wise old man, the child, the mother, and the maiden.{{Citation|chapter=Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400850969|doi=10.1515/9781400850969.3|title=Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 1): Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious|year=2014|pages=3–41|editor1-last=Hull|editor1-first=R. F.C}} He believed that each human mind retains these basic unconscious understandings of the human condition and the collective knowledge of our species in the construct of the collective unconscious.

Neo-Jungian concepts

Other authors, such as Carol Pearson and Margaret Mark, have attributed 12 different archetypes to Jung, organized in three overarching categories, based on a fundamental driving force. These include:WEB,weblink Archetypes – 12 Jungian types of human, mainform.net, 2019-05-10, {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|style=width:900px|{{Bulleted list|Ego types:{{Ordered list|1=Innocent|2=Orphan/regular guy or gal|3=Hero|4=Caregiver}}|Soul types:{{Ordered list|1=Explorer|2=Rebel|3=Lover|4=Creator}}|Self types:{{Ordered list|1=Jester|2=Sage|3=Magician|4=Ruler}}}}}}Other authors, such as Margaret Hartwell and Joshua Chen, go further to give these 12 archetypes families 5 archetypes each.They are as follows:BOOK, H., Mumfrey, W.,weblink Archetypes in Branding : a Toolkit for Creatives and Strategists., 2009, Adams Media Corporation, 978-1-4403-0788-1, 1088338691, {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|style=width:900px|{{Bulleted list|Innocent Family:{{Ordered list|1=Innocent|2=Child|3=Dreamer|4=Idealist|5=Muse}}|Citizen Family:{{Ordered list|1=Citizen|2=Advocate|3=Everyman|4=Networker|5=Servant}}|Hero Family:{{Ordered list|1=Hero|2=Athlete|3=Liberator|4=Rescuer|5=Warrior}}|Caregiver family:{{Ordered list|1=Caregiver|2=Angel|3=Guardian|4=Healer|5=Samaritan}}|Explorer Family:{{Ordered list|1=Explorer|2=Adventurer|3=Pioneer|4=Generalist|5=Seeker}}|Rebel Family:{{Ordered list|1=Rebel|2=Activist|3=Gambler|4=Maverick|5=Reformer}}|Lover Family:{{Ordered list|1=Lover|2=Companion|3=Hedonist|4=Matchmaker|5=Romantic}}|Creator Family:{{Ordered list|1=Creator|2=Artist|3=Entrepreneur|4=Storyteller|5=Visionary}}|Jester Family:{{Ordered list|1=Jester|2=Clown|3=Entertainer|4=Provocateur|5=Shapeshifter}}|Sage Family:{{Ordered list|1=Sage|2=Detective|3=Mentor|4=Shaman|5=Translator}}|Magician Family:{{Ordered list|1=Magician|2=Alchemist|3=Engineer|4=Innovator|5=Scientist}}|Sovereign Family:{{Ordered list|1=Sovereign|2=Ambassador|3=Judge|4=Patriarch|5=Ruler}}|}}}}

Other uses of archetypes

There is also the position that the use of archetypes in different ways is possible because every archetype has multiple manifestations, with each one featuring different attributes.BOOK, Odajnyk, V. Walter Odajnyk, V. Walter, Archetype and Character: Power, Eros, Spirit, and Matter Personality Types, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, 9781349349241, New York, 51, For instance, there is the position that the function of the archetype must be approached according to the context of biological sciences and is accomplished through the concept of the ultimate function.BOOK, Holtkamp, Mark B.,weblink Biology Of The Archetype, 2012-07-10, BookBaby, 9780615665337, en, This pertains to the organism's response to those pressures in terms of biological trait.

Dichter's application of archetypes

Later in the 1900s, a Viennese psychologist named Dr. Ernest Dichter took these psychological constructs and applied them to marketing. Dichter moved to New York around 1939 and sent every ad agency on Madison Avenue a letter boasting of his new discovery. He found that applying these universal themes to products promoted easier discovery and stronger loyalty for brands.NEWS, Retail therapy. How Ernest Dichter, an acolyte of Sigmund Freud, revolutionised marketing,weblink In 1939 he wrote to six big American companies, introducing himself as 'a young psychologist ..., The Economist, December 17, 2011, 2012-01-01,

See also

{{div col}}

• Allegory of the Cave
• Archetypal pedagogy
• Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism
• Character (arts)
• Cliché
• Dmuta in Mandaeism
• Mental model
• Monomyth
• Ostensive definition
• Perennial philosophy
• Personification
• Prototype
• Role reversal
• Simulacrum
• Stereotype
• System archetypes
• Theory of Forms
• Type (biology)
• Wounded healer{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

• {{wiktionary-inline|archetype}}

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