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Xishengjing
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{{Short description|5th century Taoist text}}{{italic title}}{{Taoism}}The Xishengjing ({{zh|c=西æç¶|p= XÄ«shÄngjÄ«ng|w= Hsi Sheng Ching |l=Scripture of Western Ascension}}) is a late 5th century CE Taoist text with provenance at the Louguan æ¨è§ “Tiered Abbey” of The Northern Celestial Masters. According to Daoist tradition, Louguan (the eastern terminus of the ancient Silk Road, west of the capital Chang’an) was near where the legendary Laozi èå transmitted the Tao Te Ching to the Guardian of the Pass Yin Xi å°¹å. The Xishengjing allegedly records the Taoist principles that Laozi taught Yin Xi before he departed west to India. File:Yin Xi, as shown in a Ming Dynasty-edition ‘Liexian Zhuan’.jpg|thumb|upright|Yin Xi, from a Ming Dynasty edition Liexian ZhuanLiexian ZhuanThe Daozang “Taoist Canon” contains two Song Dynasty editions (CT 726 and 666), the Xishengjing jizhu 西æç¶é注 “Collected Commentaries to the Scripture of Western Ascension” by Chen Jingyuan é³æ¯å
(d. 1094 CE, see Huashu), and the Xishengjing by Emperor Huizong å¾½å® (r. 1100-1125 CE). The original date of the Xishengjing is uncertain, and is estimated at “late 5th century” (Kohn 2007:1114) or “6th century” (Komjathy 2004:52).The Xishengjing is also known under two variant titles. Laojun xishengjing èå西æç¶ “Lord Lao’s Scripture of Western Ascension” includes the supposed author’s honorific name. Xishengji 西åè¨ “Record of Western Ascension” uses the usual Chinese character sheng å “rise; hoist; ascend” instead of its variant sheng æ (with æ¥ “sun” above) and replaces jing “classic” with ji “record; remember; note”.The Xishengjing is textually affiliated with the Huahujing “Classic on Converting the Barbarians”, which purportedly records Laozi’s travels into India where he founded Buddhism. Chinese Buddhists strongly refuted such claims that Laozi became Gautama Buddha and argued that both texts were forgeries.The received Xishengjing text has 39 sections in 5 parts, described by Livia Kohn.First, it establishes the general setting, narrates the background story, outlines Yin Xi’s practice, and discusses some fundamental problems of talking about the ineffable and transmitting the mysterious. Next, the inherence of the Tao in the world is described together with an outline of the way in which the adept can make this inherence practically useful to himself or herself. A more concrete explanation of the theory and practice, including meditation instruction, is given in the third part. The fourth part deals with the results of the practice and with the way of living a sagely life in the world. The fifth and last part is about “returning” (fan å); it describes the ultimate return of everything to its origin, and explains the death of the physical body as a recovery of a more subtle form of participation in the Tao. (2007:1114) For example, the first part of the Xisheng jing begins,
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1. Western Ascension Laozi ascended to the west to open up the Tao in India. He was called Master Gu; skilled at entering nonaction, Without beginning or end, he exists continuously. Thus steadily ascending, he followed his way and reached the frontier. The guardian of the Pass, Yin Xi, saw his [sagely] qi. He purified himself and waited upon the guest, who in turn transmitted Tao and virtue to him. He arranged it in two sections. [He said]: I’ll tell you the essentials of the Tao: Tao is naturalness. Who practices can attain [it]. Who hears can speak [about it]. Who knows does not speak; who speaks does not know. Language is formed when sounds are exchanged. Thus in conversation, words make sense. When one does not know the Tao, words create confusion. Therefore I don’t hear, don’t speak; I don’t know why things are. It can be compared to the knowledge of musical sound. One becomes conscious of it by plucking a string. Thought the mind may know the appropriate sounds, yet the mouth is unable to formulate them. Similarly Tao is deep, subtle, wondrous; who knows it does not speak. On the other hand, one may be conscious of musical sounds, sad melodies. One then dampens the sounds to consider them within. Then when the mind makes the mouth speak, one speaks but does not know. (tr. Kohn 1991:223-224)
This “Master Gu” translates Gu Xiansheng å¤å
ç “Old Master”, which is the literal meaning of Laozi.References
- Kohn, Livia. 1991. Taoist Mystical Philosophy: The Scripture of Western Ascension. State University of New York Press.
- Kohn, Livia. 2007. ”Xisheng jing 西æç¶ Scripture of Western Ascension,” in The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio, Routledge, 1114-1115.
- Komjathy, Louis. 2004. www.daoistcenter.org/Articles/Articles_pdf/Texts.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20050526005650www.daoistcenter.org/Articles/Articles_pdf/Texts.pdf">Daoist Texts in Translation.
- {{in lang|ja}} Maeda Shigeki åç°ç¹æ¨¹. 1991. ãèå西æç¶ãèªå½ç´¢å¼ç¨¿{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [Concordance of the Laozi Xishengjing], å±±æ女åçæ大å¦ç´è¦ [The Bulletin of Yamamura Women’s Junior College], 3:194-244.
External links
- {{in lang|zh}} èå西æç¶, Laojun xishengjing text in traditional characters
- {{in lang|zh}} www.daoism.cn/up/data/065xshj.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20080430043635www.daoism.cn/up/data/065xshj.htm">西æç¶, Xishenjing text in simplified characters
- www.eng.taoism.org.hk/daoist-scriptures/major-scriptures/pg3-2-21.asp" title="web.archive.org/web/20080212115553www.eng.taoism.org.hk/daoist-scriptures/major-scriptures/pg3-2-21.asp">The Book of Western Ascension, Taoist Culture & Information Centre
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