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{{short description|API that supports browser-to-browser communication}}

factoids

weblink}}C++,HTTPS://WEBRTC.GOOGLESOURCE.COM/SRC/WEBRTC/ ACCESS-DATE=2018-04-22 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180423034244/HTTPS://WEBRTC.GOOGLESOURCE.COM/SRC/WEBRTC/, live, JavaScript| genre = | author = Justin UbertiPeter ThatcherBSD license {{citation needed>date=December 2022}}weblink}}weblink}}}}WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is a free and open-source project providing web browsers and mobile applications with real-time communication (RTC) via application programming interfaces (APIs). It allows audio and video communication and streaming to work inside web pages by allowing direct peer-to-peer communication, eliminating the need to install plugins or download native apps.Supported by Apple, Google, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Opera, WebRTC specifications have been published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).WEB, 26 Jan 2021, Web Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) transforms the communications landscape as it becomes a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Recommendation and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards,weblink live,weblink 27 July 2022, 27 Jan 2021, World Wide Web Consortium, WEB, Rtcweb Status Pages,weblink 2021-02-18, tools.ietf.org, 2020-04-20,weblink live, According to the webrtc.org website, the purpose of the project is to "enable rich, high-quality RTC applications to be developed for the browser, mobile platforms, and IoT devices, and allow them all to communicate via a common set of protocols".WEB, WebRTC,weblink WebRTC, 6 February 2018,weblink 28 January 2018, bot: unknown,

History

In May 2010, Google bought Global IP Solutions or GIPS, a VoIP and videoconferencing software company that had developed many components required for RTC, such as codecs and echo cancellation techniques. Google open-sourced the GIPS technology and engaged with relevant standards bodies at the IETF and W3C to ensure industry consensus.WEB, Are the WebRTC components from Google's acquisition of Global IP Solutions?,weblink WebRTC, 6 February 2018, 7 June 2011,weblink dead, NEWS, Wauters, Robin, Google makes $68.2 million cash offer for Global IP Solutions,weblink 6 February 2018, TechCrunch, 18 May 2010, 7 February 2018,weblink live, In May 2011, Google released an open-source project for browser-based real-time communication known as WebRTC. This has been followed by ongoing work to standardize the relevant protocols in the IETF and browser APIs in the W3C.In January 2011, Ericsson Labs built the first implementation of WebRTC using a modified WebKit library.NEWS, Stefan HÃ¥kansson, Stefan Ã…lund, Beyond HTML5: Experiment with Real-Time Communication in a Browser,weblink 6 February 2018, Ericsson Research blog, 26 May 2011, 7 February 2018,weblink live, In October 2011, the W3C published its first draft for the spec.WEB, WebRTC 1.0: Real-time Communication Between Browsers (W3C Working Draft 27 October 2011),weblink World Wide Web Consortium, 6 February 2018, 27 October 2011, 29 October 2011,weblink live, WebRTC milestones include the first cross-browser video call (February 2013), first cross-browser data transfers (February 2014), and as of July 2014 Google Hangouts was "kind of" using WebRTC.WEB, Nowak, Szymon, WebRTC: So Much More Than Videoconferencing,weblink GitHub, 6 February 2018, 7 February 2018,weblink live, The W3C draft API was based on preliminary work done in the WHATWG. It was referred to as the ConnectionPeer API, and a pre-standards concept implementation was created at Ericsson Labs. The WebRTC Working Group expects this specification to evolve significantly based on:

• Outcomes of ongoing exchanges in the companion RTCWEB group at IETF to define the set of protocols that, together with this document, define real-time communications in web browsers. While no one signaling protocol is mandated, SIP over WebSockets ({{IETF RFC|7118}}) is often used partially due to the applicability of SIPWEB, SIP Trunking VoIP with WebRTC SDK, SIP Trunking, MTPL, Moon Technolabs, 18 July 2023,weblink 18 July 2023, 5 August 2023,weblink live, to most of the envisaged communication scenarios as well as the availability of open-source software such as JsSIP.
• Privacy issues that arise when exposing local capabilities and local streams
• Technical discussions within the group, on implementing data channels in particular
• Experience gained through early experimentation
• Feedback from other groups and individuals

In November 2017, the WebRTC 1.0 specification transitioned from Working Draft to Candidate Recommendation.WEB,weblink WebRTC 1.0: Real-time Communication Between Browsers (W3C Candidate Recommendation 02 November 2017), 2 November 2017, 25 March 2019, 2 November 2017,weblink live, In January 2021, the WebRTC 1.0 specification transitioned from Candidate Recommendation to Recommendation.

Design

Major components of WebRTC include several JavaScript APIs:

• getUserMedia acquires the audio and video media (e.g., by accessing a device's camera and microphone).
• RTCPeerConnection enables audio and video communication between peers. It performs signal processing, codec handling, peer-to-peer communication, security, and bandwidth management.
• RTCDataChannel allows bidirectional communication of arbitrary data between peers. The data is transported using SCTP over DTLS.WEB, RFC 8831 - WebRTC Data Channels,weblink 2022-03-10, datatracker.ietf.org, en, 2022-03-10,weblink live, It uses the same API as WebSockets and has very low latency.

The WebRTC API also includes a statistics function:

• getStats allows the web application to retrieve a set of statistics about WebRTC sessions. These statistics data are being described in a separate W3C document.

The WebRTC API includes no provisions for signaling, that is discovering peers to connect to and determine how to establish connections among them. Applications use Interactive Connectivity Establishment for connections and are responsible for managing sessions, possibly relying on any of Session Initiation Protocol, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, Matrix, or another protocol. Signaling may depend on one or more servers.WEB, WebRTC Server: What is it exactly?,weblink 13 April 2020, Tsahi Levent-Levi, BlogGeek.me, 10 June 2020, 11 May 2020,weblink live, WEB, Matrix.org and WebRTC: An Interview with Matthew Hodgson,weblink 13 November 2014, Tsahi Levent-Levi, BlogGeek.me, 10 June 2020, 25 February 2021,weblink live, {{IETF RFC|7478}} requires implementations to provide PCMA/PCMU ({{IETF RFC|3551}}), Telephone Event as DTMF ({{IETF RFC|4733}}), and Opus ({{IETF RFC|6716}}) audio codecs as minimum capabilities. The PeerConnection, data channel and media capture browser APIs are detailed in the W3C specification.W3C is developing ORTC (Object Real-Time Communications) for WebRTC.

Applications

WebRTC allows browsers to stream files directly to one another, reducing or entirely removing the need for server-side file hosting. WebTorrent uses a WebRTC transport to enable peer-to-peer file sharing using the BitTorrent protocol in the browser.WEB, WebTorrent FAQ,weblink 2022-03-10, webtorrent.io, en, 2022-03-11,weblink live, Some file-sharing websites use it to allow users to send files directly to one another in their browsers, although this requires the uploader to keep the tab open until the file has been downloaded.WEB, 2021-08-04, How to Transfer Files Between Linux, Android, and iOS Using Snapdrop,weblink 2022-03-10, MUO, en-US, 2022-01-29,weblink live, WEB, Pinola, Melanie, 2014-04-07, The easiest and quickest way to transfer files between devices on the same network,weblink 2022-03-10, Computerworld, en, 2022-06-28,weblink live, WEB, 2015-05-12, FilePizza: share files without the middleman in your browser - gHacks Tech News,weblink 2022-03-10, gHacks Technology News, en-US, 2022-01-23,weblink live, A few CDNs, such as the Microsoft-owned Peer5, use the client's bandwidth to upload media to other connected peers, enabling each peer to act as an edge server.WEB, Foley, Mary Jo, Microsoft acquires Peer5 to supplement Teams' live video streaming,weblink 2022-03-10, ZDNet, en, 2022-03-10,weblink live, WEB, Overview - Peer5 P2P Docs,weblink 2022-03-10, docs.peer5.com, 2022-03-16,weblink live, Although initially developed for web browsers, WebRTC has applications for non-browser devices, including mobile platforms and IoT devices. Examples include browser-based VoIP telephony, also called cloud phones or web phones, which allow calls to be made and received from within a web browser, replacing the requirement to download and install a softphone.WEB,weblink Catch the Babelfish: Irish telco devises a new kind of cloud phone, November 2017, 2017-11-20, 2017-11-01,weblink live,

Support

WebRTC is supported by the following browsers (incomplete list; oldest supported version specified):

• Desktop PC
  • Microsoft Edge 12+
  • Google Chrome 28+
  • Mozilla Firefox 22+
  • Safari 11+
  • Opera 18+
  • Vivaldi 1.9+
  • Brave
• Android
  • Google Chrome 28+ (enabled by default since 29)
  • Mozilla Firefox 24+
  • Opera Mobile 12+
• ChromeOS
• Firefox OS
• BlackBerry 10
• iOS
  • MobileSafari/WebKit (iOS 11+)
• Tizen 3.0

GStreamer directly provides a free WebRTC implementation.WEB,weblink GStreamer 1.14 release notes, gstreamer.freedesktop.org, 2019-12-19, 2018-03-20,weblink live, since version 1.15

Codec support across browsers

WebRTC establishes a standard set of codecs which all compliant browsers are required to implement. Some browsers may also support other codecs.WEB, Codecs used by WebRTC - Web media technologies {{!, MDN|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats/WebRTC_codecs|access-date=2021-07-29|website=developer.mozilla.org|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727121111weblink|url-status=live}} {| class="wikitable"|+Video codec compatibility!Codec name!Profile(s)!Browser compatibility!H.264|Constrained Baseline (CB)|Chrome (52+), Edge, Firefox[1], Safari!VP8| -DATE=2019-03-12URL=HTTPS://WEBKIT.ORG/BLOG/8672/ON-THE-ROAD-TO-WEBRTC-1-0-INCLUDING-VP8/WEBSITE=WEBKITARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210729000922/HTTPS://WEBKIT.ORG/BLOG/8672/ON-THE-ROAD-TO-WEBRTC-1-0-INCLUDING-VP8/, live, !VP9| -|Chrome (48+), Firefox{| class="wikitable"|+Audio codec compatibility!Codec name!Browser compatibility!Opus|Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari!G.711 PCM (A-law)|Chrome, Firefox, Safari!G.711 PCM (μ-law)|Chrome, Firefox, Safari!G.722|Chrome, Firefox, Safari!iLBC|Chrome, Safari!iSAC|Chrome, Safari

Vulnerability

In January 2017, TorrentFreak reported a serious security flaw in browsers supporting WebRTC, that compromised the security of VPN tunnels by exposing a user's true IP address. The IP address read requests are not visible in the browser's developer console, and they are not blocked by most ad blocking, privacy and security add-ons, enabling online tracking despite precautions.It has been reported that the cause of the address leak is not a bug that can be patched, but is foundational to the way WebRTC operates; however, there are several solutions to mitigate the problem. WebRTC leakage can be tested for, and solutions are offered for most browsers.WEB, WebRTC leaks real IP addresses (even with VPN), Timmerman, Crystal, IPVanish, 28 February 2022,weblink 12 August 2022, 13 August 2022,weblink live, WebRTC can be disabled, if not required, in most browsers. The uBlock Origin add-on can fix this problem (as some browsers now fix this problem by themselves, from uBlock Origin v1.38 onwards this option has been disabled on these browsersWEB, Prevent WebRTC from leaking local IP address, Raymond Hill, uBlock Origin documentation.,weblink 17 Sep 2021, 18 Dec 2021, 21 February 2016,weblink live, ).

See also

• CU-RTC-WEB

References

. Blogs.trilogy-lte.com (2014-02-21). Retrieved on 2014-04-11.WEB,weblink Google release of WebRTC source code, Harald Alvestrand, 2011-05-31, public-webrtc@w3.org, 2012-09-12, 2013-02-27,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130227012310weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Charter of the Real-Time Communication in WEB-browsers (rtcweb) working group, 2013-11-11, 2013-11-11,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131111040415weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink WebRTC 1.0: Real-time Communication Between Browsers, W3.org, 2012-09-12, 2012-09-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120905093824weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Introduction — HTML Standard, Whatwg.org, 2012-09-12, 2014-08-16,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140816032701weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Beyond HTML5: Peer-to-Peer Conversational Video, Labs.ericsson.com, 25 January 2011, 21 March 2021, Ericsson Research blog,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170225045214weblink">weblink 25 February 2017, WEB,weblink Rtcweb Status Pages, Tools.ietf.org, 2012-09-12, 2012-09-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120905214006weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink draft-jesup-rtcweb-data-protocol-00 - WebRTC Data Channel Protocol, Tools.ietf.org, 2012-09-12, 2012-10-31,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121031070900weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Media Capture and Streams: getUserMedia, W3C, 2013-09-03, 2014-01-15, 2014-01-02,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140102135721weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink WebRTC: RTCPeerConnection Interface, W3C, 2013-09-10, 2014-01-15, 2012-09-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120905093824weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink WebRTC: RTCDataChannel, W3C, 2013-09-10, 2014-01-15, 2012-09-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120905093824weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Identifiers for WebRTC's Statistics API, W3C, 2014-09-29, 2017-12-02, 2017-07-15,weblink live, WEB,weblink W3C ORTC (Object Real-time Communications) Community Group, 2014-10-29, 2014-10-29,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141029141846weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink ORTC API is now available in Microsoft Edge, Microsoft, 2015-09-18, 2015-09-20, 2015-10-09,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151009090318weblink">weblink live, Firefox Notes - Desktop {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821215925weblink |date=2014-08-21 }}. Mozilla.org (2013-06-25). Retrieved on 2014-04-11.Opera News {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907003321weblink |date=2015-09-07 }}. blogs.opera.com (2013-11-19). Retrieved on 2015-09-17.Firefox Notes - Desktop {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401044319weblink |date=2021-04-01 }}. Mozilla.org (2013-09-17). Retrieved on 2014-08-04.WEB,weblink Safari 11.0, Apple Inc., 6 June 2017, 14 November 2017,weblink live, Huge Security Flaw Leaks VPN Users’ Real IP-addresses {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108120117weblink |date=2021-01-08 }} TorrentFreak.com (2015-01-30). Retrieved on 2015-02-21.STUN IP Address requests for WebRTC {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218134636weblink |date=2015-02-18 }} Retrieved on 2015-02-21.}}

Further reading

• IETF, Additional WebRTC Audio Codecs for Interoperability, 7875, Proust, S., May 2016, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, 2016-10-12,
• IETF, WebRTC Audio Codec and Processing Requirements, 7874, Valin, J. M., Bran, C., May 2016, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, 2016-10-12,
• IETF, WebRTC Video Processing and Codec Requirements, 7742, Roach, A. B., March 2016, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, 2016-10-12,
• IETF, Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) Usage for Consent Freshness, 7675, Perumal, M., Wing, D., Ravindranath, R., Reddy, T., Thomson, M., October 2015, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, 2016-10-12,
• IETF, Web Real-Time Communication Use Cases and Requirements, 7478, Holmberg, C., Hakansson, S., Eriksson, G., March 2015, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, 2016-10-12,

External links

• {{official website}}
• W3C Web Real-Time Communications Working Group
• IETF Real-Time Communication in WEB-browsers (rtcweb) Working Group
• Video chat demo app based on WebRTC
• libdatachannel, open-source WebRTC network library

{{Web browsers|fsp}}{{Web interfaces}}