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Sippar
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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Iraq}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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33.058829 | 44.252153 | format=dms | display=title|name=Sippar}}| location = Baghdad Governorate, Iraq| region = Mesopotamia | Tell (archaeology)>tell| part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = Early Dynastic, Old Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian| cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }}Sippar (Sumerian: {{cuneiform|ððð£ð }}, Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river. Its tell is located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah near Yusufiyah in Iraq's Baghdad Governorate, some {{convert|69|km|abbr=on}} north of Babylon and {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Baghdad. The city's ancient name, Sippar, could also refer to its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum (located at the modern site of Tell ed-Der); a more specific designation for the city here referred to as Sippar was Sippar-Yahrurum.BOOK,weblink The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, 1997-01-01, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-506512-1, 1, en, Sippar, 10.1093/acref/9780195065121.001.0001, History(File:Clay tablet and its sealed clay envelope. Legal document, listing of land and their distribution to several sons. From Sippar, Iraq. Old-Babylonian period. Reign of Sin-Muballit, 1812-1793 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, Germany.jpg|thumb|Clay tablet and its sealed clay envelope. Legal document, listing of land and their distribution to several sons. From Sippar, Iraq. Old-Babylonian period. Reign of Sin-Muballit, 1812-1793 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin)Despite the fact that thousands of cuneiform clay tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar. As was often the case in Mesopotamia, it was part of a pair of cities, separated by a river. Sippar was on the east side of the Euphrates, while its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum (modern Tell ed-Der), was on the west.(File:Hammurabi's Babylonia 1.svg|thumb|Hammurabi's Babylonia 1)While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic Period of the 3rd millennium BC, the Old Babylonian period of the 2nd millennium BC, and the Neo-Babylonian time of the 1st millennium BC. Lesser levels of use continued into the time of the Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian Empires.MacGinnis, John, Jon McGinnis, and Cornelia Wunsch. The arrows of the sun: armed forces in Sippar in the first millennium BC. Islet-Verlag, 2012 ISBN 9783980846653Sippar was the cult site of the sun god (Sumerian Utu, Akkadian Shamash) and the home of his temple E-babbara (ðððð, means "white house").During early Babylonian dynasties, Sippar was the production center of wool. The Code of Hammurabi stele was probably erected at Sippar. Shamash was the god of justice, and he is depicted handing authority to the king in the image at the top of the stele."Law Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon" weblink, Louvre, retrieved on 29 Nov 2013. A closely related motif occurs on some cylinder seals of the Old Babylonian period.BOOK, British Museum. Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities,weblink Catalogue of the Western Asiatic seals in the British Museum., 1962, Trustees of the British Museum, D. J. Wiseman, Dominique Collon, Edith Porada, Parvine H. Merrillees, T. C. Mitchell, A. D. H. Bivar, 0-7141-1104-X, London, 329699, By the end of the 19th century BC, Sippar was producing some of the finest Old Babylonian cylinder seals.BOOK, Collon, Dominique,weblink First impressions : cylinder seals in the ancient Near East, 2005, British Museum Press, 0-7141-1136-8, [Rev. ed.], London, 63186269, Sippar has been suggested as the location of the Biblical Sepharvaim in the Old Testament, which alludes to the two parts of the city in its dual form.G. R. Driver, Geographical Problems, Eretz Israel, vol. 5, pp. 18-20, 1958RulersIn the Sumerian king list a king of Sippar, En-men-dur-ana, is listed as one of the early pre-dynastic rulers of the region but has not yet turned up in the epigraphic records.In his 29th year of reign Sumu-la-El of Babylon reported building the city wall of Sippar. Some years later Hammurabi of Babylon reported laying the foundations of the city wall of Sippar in his 23rd year and worked on the wall again in his 43rd year. His successor in Babylon, Samsu-iluna worked on Sippar's wall in his 1st year. The city walls, being typically made of mud bricks, required much attention. Records of Nebuchadnezzar II and Nabonidos record that they repaired the Shamash temple E-babbara.Classical speculationXisuthros, the "Chaldean Noah" in Sumerian mythology, is said by Berossus to have buried the records of the antediluvian world hereâpossibly because the name of Sippar was supposed to be connected with sipru, "a writing".Ward, William Hayes, "Sippara", Hebraica, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 79â86, 1886 And according to Abydenus, Nebuchadnezzar II excavated a great reservoir in the neighbourhood.Dalley, Stephanie, "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled", Iraq, vol. 56, pp. 45â58, 1994Pliny (Natural History 6.30.123) mentions a sect of Chaldeans called the Hippareni. It is often assumed that this name refers to Sippar (especially because the other two schools mentioned seem to be named after cities as well: the Orcheni after Uruk, and the Borsippeni after Borsippa), but this is not universally accepted."It is usually assumed that the Hippareni refers to Sippar (Ptolemy's Sippara), but even that requires proof, since the change of âsâ to âhâ is strange." âJOURNAL, R. D. Barnett, Xenophon and the Wall of Media, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1963, 83, 1â26, 10.2307/628451, 628451, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 83, 163366720,Archaeology{{multiple image
| image1 = Si427o.jpg , }}(File:Clay cone Sippar Louvre AO3277.jpg|350px|right|thumb|Hammurabi clay cone from Sippar at Louvre)File:Old Babylonian Cylinder Seal, formerly in the Charterhouse Collection 04.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Old Babylonian Cylinder Seal, hematite. The king makes an animal offering to ShamashShamashTell Abu Habba, measuring over 1 square kilometer was first excavated by Hormuzd Rassam between 1880 and 1881 for the British Museum in a dig that lasted 18 months.weblink Hormuzd Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, [etc]..., Curts & Jennings, 1897 Tens of thousands of tablets were recovered including the Tablet of Shamash in the Temple of Shamash/Utu. Most of the tablets were Neo-Babylonian.BOOK, British Museum. Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities,weblink Catalogue of the Babylonian tablets in the British Museum, H. H. Figulla, Marcel Sigrist, C. B. F. Walker, Ran Zadok, Erle Leichty, Irving L. Finkel, 0-7141-1139-2, [London], 2581635, Erie Leichty et al., Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum: Tablets from Sippar 3, vol. 8, British Museum Publications, 1988, {{ISBN|0-7141-1124-4}} The temple had been mentioned as early as the 18th year of Samsu-iluna of Babylon, who reported restoring "Ebabbar, the temple of Szamasz in Sippar", along with the city's ziggurat.The tablets, which ended up in the British Museum, are being studied to this day.weblink Nebo-Sarsekim Cuneiform Tablet at Archaeology.org As was often the case in the early days of archaeology, excavation records were not made, particularly find spots. This makes it difficult to tell which tablets came from Sippar-Amnanum as opposed to Sippar.BOOK, Goddeeris, Anne,weblink Economy and society in northern Babylonia in the early old Babylonian period (ca. 2000-1800 BC), 2002, Peeters, 90-429-1123-9, Leuven, 50207588, Other tablets from Sippar were bought on the open market during that time and ended up at places like the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania.weblinkHermann Ranke, Babylonian Legal and Business Documents from the Time of the First Dynasty of Babylon; Chiefly from Sippar, University of Pennsylvania, 1906 (reprinted by Nabu Press {{ISBN|1-144-69277-6}})BOOK, Lerberghe, Karel van,weblink Old Babylonian legal and administrative texts from Philadelphia, 1986, Departement Oriëntalistiek, Marten Stol, Gabriela Voet, 90-6831-063-1, Leuven, 18962321, Since the site is relatively close to Baghdad, it was a popular target for illegal excavations.E. A. Budge, By Nile and Tigris: A Narrative of Journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on Behalf of the British Museum Between the Years 1886 and 1913, John Murray, 1920In 1894, Sippar was worked briefly by Jean-Vincent Scheil.V. Scheil, Une Saison de fouilles a Sippar, Le Caire, 1902 The tablets recovered, mainly Old Babylonian, went to the Istanbul Museum.weblinkAdalı, Selim Ferruh, and Frahm Eckart, "The Slave-Girl's Child: A" Literary" Fragment from the Istanbul Sippar Archive", Aula Orientalis, pp. 5-17, 2021 In modern times, the site was worked by a Belgian team from 1972 to 1973.BOOK,weblink Tell ed-DÄr : sounding at AbÅ« Ḥabbah (Sippar), 1980, Peeters, Leon de Meyer, 2-8017-0160-2, Leeuven, 8165805, Iraqi archaeologists from the College of Arts at the University of Baghdad, led by Walid al-Jadir with Farouk al-Rawi, have excavated at Tell Abu Habbah from 1977 through the present in 24 seasons.weblinkLamia al-Gailani and Walid al-Jadir, Seal Impressions from Sippar, Sumer, vol. 37, pp. 129-144, 1981BOOK, Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H.,weblink Old Babylonian texts from private houses at Abu Habbah ancient Sippir : Baghdad University excavations, 2000, NABU, Stephanie Dalley, 1-897750-07-2, London, 47677571, W. al-Jadir and Z. Rajib, "Archaeological Results from the Eighth Season at Sippar", Sumer, vol. 46,pp. 69-90, 1990 (in arabic) In the 8th season a library of over 300 tablets was discovered but few were published at the time due to conditions in Iraq. With conditions improving they are now being published.Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library I: Two Babylonian Classics", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 109.2, pp. 155-176, 2019Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library II: The Epic of Creation", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 111.2, pp. 191-230, 2021Fadhil, Anmar Abdulillah, and Enrique Jiménez, "Literary Texts from the Sippar Library III:âEriÅ¡ Å¡ummiâ, a Syncretistic Hymn to Marduk", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 112.2, pp. 229-274, 2022 After 2000, they were joined by the German Archaeological Institute.Abdulillah Fadhil et al., Ausgrabungen in Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah). Vorbericht über die Grabungsergebnisse der 24. Kampagne 2002, in: Baghdader Mitteilungen (BaM) 36, pp. 157-224, 2005Abdulillah Fadhil et. el., Sippar - Results of prospecting 2004/24, in: Sumer, A journal of archaeology in Iraq and the Arab world, vol. LII, no. 1&2, pp. 294-357, 2004 According to Andrew George, a cuneiform tablet containing a portion of the Epic of Gilgamesh probably came from Sippar.BOOK,weblink The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic : introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts, 2003, Oxford University Press, A. R. George, 0-19-814922-0, Oxford, 172, 51668477, In Sippar was the site where the Babylonian Map of the World was found.| alt1 = Si.427 Obverse | image2 = Si427r.jpg | alt2 = Si.427 Reverse | footer = Si.427, a tablet excavated in Sippar in 1894, depicting a land survey. A mathematical text dealing with the surface area of a field divided into 11 pieces.JOURNAL, Mansfield, Daniel F., Perpendicular Lines and Diagonal Triples in Old Babylonian Surveying, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, January 2020, 72, 87â99, 10.1086/709309, 224837017,weblink BOOK , Beek , Martinus Adrianus , 1973 , Symbolae Biblicae Et Mesopotamicae Frans de Liagre Böhl, Francisco Mario Theodoro de Liagre Böhl Dedicatae , Brill Publishers , 379 GalleryFile:Map of the World from Sippar, Mesopotamia, Iraq. 6th century BCE. The British Museum.jpg|Map of the World from Sippar, Mesopotamia, Iraq. 6th century BCE. The British MuseumFile:Tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina, 9th century BCE, from Sippar, Iraq. British Museum.jpg|Tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina, 9th century BCE, from Sippar, Iraq. British MuseumFile:Detail, Sun God Tablet from Sippar, Iraq, 9th century BCE. British Museum.jpg|Detail, Sun God Tablet from Sippar, Iraq, 9th century BCE. British MuseumFile:Detail, Kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125-1104 BCE. British Museum.jpg|Detail, Kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125-1104 BCE. British MuseumSee alsoNotes{{Reflist}}Further reading
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