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Quantification (science)
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Quantification (science)
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{{Short description|Act of determining or expressing a quantity}}{{for|formal and natural language features to indicate quantity|Quantifier (logic)|Quantifier (linguistics)}}In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into quantities. Quantification in this sense is fundamental to the scientific method.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Natural science
Some measure of the undisputed general importance of quantification in the natural sciences can be gleaned from the following comments:- "these are mere facts, but they are quantitative facts and the basis of science."Cattell, James McKeen; and Farrand, Livingston (1896) "Physical and mental measurements of the students of Columbia University", The Psychological Review, Vol. 3, No. 6 (1896), pp. 618â648; p. 648 quoted in James McKeen Cattell (1860â1944) Psychologist, Publisher, and Editor.
- It seems to be held as universally true that "the foundation of quantification is measurement."Wilks, Samuel Stanley (1961) "Some Aspects of Quantification in Science", Isis, Vol. 52, No. 2 (1961), pp. 135â142; p. 135
- There is little doubt that "quantification provided a basis for the objectivity of science."Hong, Sungook (2004) "History of Science: Building Circuits of Trust", Science, Vol. 305, No. 5690 (10 September 2004), pp. 1569â1570
- In ancient times, "musicians and artists ... rejected quantification, but merchants, by definition, quantified their affairs, in order to survive, made them visible on parchment and paper."Crosby, Alfred W. (1996) The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 201
- Any reasonable "comparison between Aristotle and Galileo shows clearly that there can be no unique lawfulness discovered without detailed quantification."Langs, Robert J. (1987) "Psychoanalysis as an Aristotelian ScienceâPathways to Copernicus and a Modern-Day Approach", Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Vol. 23 (1987), pp. 555â576
- Even today, "universities use imperfect instruments called 'exams' to indirectly quantify something they call knowledge."Lynch, Aaron (1999) "Misleading Mix of Religion and Science," Journal of Memetics: Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1999)
Social sciences
{{See also|Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior|Quantitative psychological research}}In the social sciences, quantification is an integral part of economics and psychology. Both disciplines gather data â economics by empirical observation and psychology by experimentation â and both use statistical techniques such as regression analysis to draw conclusions from it.In some instances a seemingly intangible property may be quantified by asking subjects to rate something on a scaleâfor example, a happiness scale or a quality-of-life scaleâor by the construction of a scale by the researcher, as with the index of economic freedom. In other cases, an unobservable variable may be quantified by replacing it with a proxy variable with which it is highly correlatedâfor example, per capita gross domestic product is often used as a proxy for standard of living or quality of life.Frequently in the use of regression, the presence or absence of a trait is quantified by employing a dummy variable, which takes on the value 1 in the presence of the trait or the value 0 in the absence of the trait.Quantitative linguistics is an area of linguistics that relies on quantification. For example,Bybee, Joan; Perkins, Revere; and Pagliuca, William. (1994) The Evolution of Grammar, Univ. of Chicago Press: ch. 4. indices of grammaticalization of morphemes, such as phonological shortness, dependence on surroundings, and fusion with the verb, have been developed and found to be significantly correlated across languages with stage of evolution of function of the morpheme.Hard versus soft science
The ease of quantification is one of the features used to distinguish hard and soft sciences from each other. Scientists often consider hard sciences to be more scientific or rigorous, but this is disputed by social scientists who maintain that appropriate rigor includes the qualitative evaluation of the broader contexts of qualitative data. In some social sciences such as sociology, quantitative data are difficult to obtain, either because laboratory conditions are not present or because the issues involved are conceptual but not directly quantifiable. Thus in these cases qualitative methods are preferred. {{citation needed|date=December 2013}}See also
- Calibration
- Internal standard
- Isotope dilution
- Physical quantity
- Quantitative analysis (chemistry)
- Standard addition
References
{{reflist}}Further reading
{{Wiktionary|quantification}}- Crosby, Alfred W. (1996) The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250â1600. Cambridge University Press.
- Wiese, Heike, 2003. Numbers, Language, and the Human Mind. Cambridge University Press. {{isbn|0-521-83182-2}}.
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