{{Short description|Portable device to make telephone calls using a radio link}}{{For|the modern mobile phone|Smartphone}}{{Redirect2|Cell Phone|Handphone|the films|Cell Phone (film){{!}}Cell Phone (film)|and|Handphone (film){{!}}Handphone (film)}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}File:Mobile Phone Evolution 1992 - 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 Motorola 8900X-2 to the 2014 iPhone 6 Plus iPhone 6 PlusA mobile phone (or cellphone{{Efn|Also named cellular phone, cell phone, handphone, hand phone or pocket phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell, or just phone.}}) is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business applications, payments (via NFC), multimedia playback and streaming (radio, television), digital photography, and video games. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"); mobile phones that offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.BOOK, Srivastava, Viranjay M.,weblink MOSFET Technologies for Double-Pole Four-Throw Radio-Frequency Switch, Singh, Ghanshyam, 2013, Springer Science & Business Media, 978-3319011653, 1, The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola in New York City on 3 April 1973, using a handset weighing c. 2 kilograms (4.4 lbs).WEB, Teixeira, Tania, Meet the man who invented the mobile phone,weblink BBC News, 2 July 2021, 23 April 2010, In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular network in Japan.WEB, 2020-09-21, Timeline from 1G to 5G: A Brief History on Cell Phones,weblink 2022-02-18, CENGN, en-US, In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion; enough to provide one for every person on Earth.NEWS,weblink Mobile penetration, Almost 40 percent of the world's population, 2.7 billion people, are online. The developing world is home to about 826 million female internet users and 980 million male internet users. The developed world is home to about 475 million female Internet users and 483 million male Internet users., 9 July 2010, In the first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone developers worldwide were Samsung, Apple and Huawei; smartphone sales represented 78 percent of total mobile phone sales.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160522162950weblink">weblink dead, 22 May 2016, Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Grew 3.9 Percent in First Quarter of 2016, Gartner, 21 May 2016, For feature phones {{as of|2016|lc=y}}, the top-selling brands were Samsung, Nokia and Alcatel.WEB,weblink Nokia Captured 9% Feature Phone Marketshare Worldwide in 2016, Strategyanalytics.com, 24 February 2017, 7 September 2018, Mobile phones are considered an important human invention as they have been one of the most widely used and sold pieces of consumer technology.JOURNAL, 10.1002/hbe2.112, Mobile phones: Impacts, challenges, and predictions, 2019, Harris, Arlene, Cooper, Martin, Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1, 15â€“17, 187189041, free, The growth in popularity has been rapid in some places, for example, in the UK, the total number of mobile phones overtook the number of houses in 1999.WEB,weblink BBC News | Business | Mobile phone sales surge, Today, mobile phones are globally ubiquitous,JOURNAL,weblink 10.1145/1963533.1963545, Ubiquitous mobile phones are becoming indispensable, 2011, Gupta, Gireesh K., ACM Inroads, 2, 2, 32â€“33, 2942617, and in almost half the world's countries, over 90% of the population owns at least one.WEB,weblink Mobile phones are becoming ubiquitous, 17 February 2022, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 17 June 2022, 4 September 2022,weblink dead,

History

File:2007Computex e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg|thumb|upright|Martin Cooper of Motorola, shown here in a 2007 reenactment, made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on 3 April 1973.]]A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. The advances in mobile telephony have been traced in successive "generations", starting with the early zeroth-generation (0G) services, such as Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service and its successor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported a few simultaneous calls, and were very expensive.File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.5|The Motorola DynaTAC Motorola DynaTACThe first handheld cellular mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. MitchellWEB,weblink John F. Mitchell Biography, 4 October 2012, 23 February 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170223150703weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Who invented the cell phone?, 4 October 2012, 23 February 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170223150703weblink">weblink live, and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing {{convert|2|kg|lbs}}. The first commercial automated cellular network (1G) analog was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081022043906weblink">weblink dead, 22 October 2008, Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, Tekniskamuseet.se, 29 July 2009, Several other countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation (1G) systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone.In 1991, the second-generation (2G) digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. The GSM standard is a European initiative expressed at the CEPT ("ConfÃ©rence EuropÃ©enne des Postes et Telecommunications", European Postal and Telecommunications conference). The Franco-German R&D cooperation demonstrated the technical feasibility, and in 1987, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between 13 European countries that agreed to launch a commercial service by 1991. The first version of the GSM standard had 6,000 pages. The IEEE and RSE awarded Thomas Haug and Philippe Dupuis the 2018 James Clerk Maxwell medal for their contributions to the first digital mobile telephone standard.WEB,weblink Duke of Cambridge Presents Maxwell Medals to GSM Developers, IEEE United Kingdom and Ireland Section, 2018-09-01, 2020-12-10, In 2018, the GSM was used by over 5 billion people in over 220 countries. The GSM (2G) has evolved into 3G, 4G and 5G. The standardization body for GSM started at the CEPT Working Group GSM (Group Special Mobile) in 1982 under the umbrella of CEPT. In 1988, ETSI was established, and all CEPT standardization activities were transferred to ETSI. Working Group GSM became Technical Committee GSM. In 1991, it became Technical Committee SMG (Special Mobile Group) when ETSI tasked the committee with UMTS (3G). In addition to transmitting voice over digital signals, the 2G network introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages, then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and mobile internet with a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).(File:Dupuis Haug GSM around 1990.jpg|thumb|Dupuis and Haug during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992)File:Mobile phone PHS Japan 1997-2003.jpg|thumb|Personal Handy-phone System Personal Handy-phone SystemIn 2001, the third-generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.WEB,weblink History of UMTS and 3G Development, Umtsworld.com, 29 July 2009, This was followed by 3.5G or 3G+ enhancements based on the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. 3G is able to provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to mobile Internet access, VoIP, video calls, and sending large e-mail messages, as well as watching videos, typically in standard-definition quality.By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as streaming media.WEB,weblink Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks, Fahd Ahmad Saeed, Purdue School of Engineering, 23 April 2010, Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation (4G) technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to tenfold over existing 3G technologies. The first publicly available LTE service was launched in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera in 2009. In the 2010s, 4G technology has found diverse applications across various sectors, showcasing its versatility in delivering high-speed wireless communication, such as mobile broadband, the internet of things (IoT), fixed wireless access, and multimedia streaming (including music, video, radio, and television).Deployment of fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks commenced worldwide in 2019. The term "5G" was originally used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase in mobile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. The 3GPP defines 5G as any system that adheres to the 5G NR (5G New Radio) standard. 5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave, with download speeds that can achieve gigabit-per-second (Gbit/s) range, aiming for a network latency of 1 ms. This near-real-time responsiveness and improved overall data performance are crucial for applications like online gaming, augmented and virtual reality, autonomous vehicles, IoT, and critical communication services.

Types

(File:Active mobile broadband subscriptions 2007-2014.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitantsWEB,weblink Statistics, ITU, )

Smartphone

Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features. The International Telecommunication Union measures those with Internet connection, which it calls Active Mobile-Broadband subscriptions (which includes tablets, etc.). In the developed world, smartphones have now overtaken the usage of earlier mobile systems. However, in the developing world, they account for around 50% of mobile telephony.

Feature phone

Feature phone is a term typically used as a retronym to describe mobile phones which are limited in capabilities in contrast to a modern smartphone. Feature phones typically provide voice calling and text messaging functionality, in addition to basic multimedia and Internet capabilities, and other services offered by the user's wireless service provider. A feature phone has additional functions over and above a basic mobile phone, which is only capable of voice calling and text messaging.WEB,weblink feature phone Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia, www.pcmag.com, Todd Hixon, Two Weeks With A Dumb Phone {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730214836weblink |date=30 July 2017 }}, Forbes, 13 November 2012 Feature phones and basic mobile phones tend to use a proprietary, custom-designed software and user interface. By contrast, smartphones generally use a mobile operating system that often shares common traits across devices.

Infrastructure

(File:frequency reuse.svg|thumb|Cellular networks work by only reusing radio frequencies (in this example frequencies f1-f4) in non adjacent cells to avoid interference)The critical advantage that modern cellular networks have over predecessor systems is the concept of frequency reuse allowing many simultaneous telephone conversations in a given service area. This allows efficient use of the limited radio spectrum allocated to mobile services, and lets thousands of subscribers converse at the same time within a given geographic area.Former systems would cover a service area with one or two powerful base stations with a range of up to tens of kilometers' (miles), using only a few sets of radio channels (frequencies). Once these few channels were in use by customers, no further customers could be served until another user vacated a channel. It would be impractical to give every customer a unique channel since there would not be enough bandwidth allocated to the mobile service. As well, technical limitations such as antenna efficiency and receiver design limit the range of frequencies a customer unit could use.A cellular network mobile phone system gets its name from dividing the service area into many small cells, each with a base station with (for example) a useful range on the order of a kilometer (mile). These systems have dozens or hundreds of possible channels allocated to them. When a subscriber is using a given channel for a telephone connection, that frequency is unavailable for other customers in the local cell and in the adjacent cells. However, cells further away can re-use that channel without interference as the subscriber's handset is too far away to be detected. The transmitter power of each base station is coordinated to efficiently service its own cell, but not to interfere with the cells further away.Automation embedded in the customer's handset and in the base stations control all phases of the call, from detecting the presence of a handset in a service area, temporary assignment of a channel to a handset making a call, interface with the land-line side of the network to connect to other subscribers, and collection of billing information for the service. The automation systems can control the "hand off" of a customer handset moving between one cell and another so that a call in progress continues without interruption, changing channels if required. In the earliest mobile phone systems by contrast, all control was done manually; the customer would search for an unoccupied channel and speak to a mobile operator to request connection of a call to a landline number or another mobile. At the termination of the call the mobile operator would manually record the billing information.Mobile phones communicate with cell towers that are placed to give coverage across a telephone service area, which is divided up into 'cells'. Each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, and will typically be covered by three towers placed at different locations. The cell towers are usually interconnected to each other and the phone network and the internet by wired connections. Due to bandwidth limitations each cell will have a maximum number of cell phones it can handle at once. The cells are therefore sized depending on the expected usage density, and may be much smaller in cities. In that case much lower transmitter powers are used to avoid broadcasting beyond the cell.In order to handle the high traffic, multiple towers can be set up in the same area (using different frequencies). This can be done permanently or temporarily such as at special events or in disasters. Cell phone companies will bring a truck with equipment to host the abnormally high traffic.Capacity was further increased when phone companies implemented digital networks. With digital, one frequency can host multiple simultaneous calls.Additionally, short-range Wi-Fi infrastructure is often used by smartphones as much as possible as it offloads traffic from cell networks on to local area networks.

Hardware

The common components found on all mobile phones are:

A central processing unit (CPU), the processor of phones. The CPU is a microprocessor fabricated on a metalâ€“oxideâ€“semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip.
A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. A modern handset typically uses a lithium-ion battery (LIB), whereas older handsets used nickelâ€“metal hydride (Niâ€“MH) batteries.
An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. These are a keypad for feature phones, and touch screens for most smartphones (typically with capacitive sensing).
A display which echoes the user's typing, and displays text messages, contacts, and more. The display is typically either a liquid-crystal display (LCD) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display.
Speakers for sound.
Subscriber identity module (SIM) cards and removable user identity module (R-UIM) cards.
A hardware notification LED on some phones

Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications are known as smartphones. The first GSM phones and many feature phones had NOR flash memory, from which processor instructions could be executed directly in an execute in place architecture and allowed for short boot times. With smartphones, NAND flash memory was adopted as it has larger storage capacities and lower costs, but causes longer boot times because instructions cannot be executed from it directly, and must be copied to RAM memory first before execution.BOOK,weblink Inside NAND Flash Memories, 978-90-481-9431-5, Micheloni, Rino, Crippa, Luca, Marelli, Alessia, 27 July 2010, Springer,

Central processing unit

Mobile phones have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments.Mobile CPU performance depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of hertz)WEB

, CPU Frequency
, CPU World Glossary
, CPU World
, 25 March 2008
,weblink
, 1 January 2010, but also the memory hierarchy also greatly affects overall performance. Because of these problems, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.

Display

One of the main characteristics of phones is the screen. Depending on the device's type and design, the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an aspect ratio of (16:9), but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017.Screen sizes are often measured in diagonal inches or millimeters; feature phones generally have screen sizes below {{convert|3.5|inch|mm|round=5|order=flip}}. Phones with screens larger than {{convert|5.2|inch|mm|round=5|order=flip}} are often called "phablets." Smartphones with screens over {{convert|4.5|inch|mm|round=5|order=flip}} in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.WEB, Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5" Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2" devices,weblink PhoneArena, 21 March 2016, 3 April 2017, WEB, We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017,weblink The Verge, 30 March 2017, 3 April 2017, WEB, The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes,weblink The Verge, 30 March 2017, Vox Media, 3 April 2017, Liquid-crystal displays are the most common; others are IPS, LED, OLED, and AMOLED displays. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom and Samsung,JOURNAL, Ward, J. R., Phillips, M. J., 1987-04-01, Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 7, 4, 31â€“44, 10.1109/MCG.1987.276869, 16707568, 0272-1716, and Apple's "3D Touch" system.

Sound

In sound, smartphones and feature phones vary little. Some audio-quality enhancing features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice, have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long-distance calls.WEB,weblink Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks â€“ and How to Fix It, Jeff Hecht, ieee.org, 30 September 2014, WEB,weblink Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?, Elena Malykhina, Scientific American, Audio quality can be improved using a VoIP application over WiFi.WEB,weblink What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?, Alan Henry, Gawker Media, Lifehacker, 22 May 2014, Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a speakerphone feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear.

Battery

The average phone battery lasts twoâ€“three years at best. Many of the wireless devices use a Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery, which charges 500â€“2500 times, depending on how users take care of the battery and the charging techniques used.NEWS,weblink How To Prolong Your Cell Phone Battery's Life Span, Taylor, Martin, Phonedog.com, 8 June 2018, It is only natural for these rechargeable batteries to chemically age, which is why the performance of the battery when used for a year or two will begin to deteriorate. Battery life can be extended by draining it regularly, not overcharging it, and keeping it away from heat.WEB,weblink Iphone Battery and Performance, Apple Support, 8 June 2018, NEWS,weblink Should You Leave Your Smartphone Plugged Into The Charger Overnight? We Asked An Expert, Hill, Simon, Digital Trends, 8 June 2018,

SIM card

File:Typical cellphone SIM cards.jpg|thumb|upright|Typical mobile phone mini-SIM card SIM cardMobile phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, in order to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device, provided that this is not prevented by a SIM lock. The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four SIM cards, with a phone having a different device identifier for each SIM Card. SIM and R-UIM cards may be mixed together to allow both GSM and CDMA networks to be accessed. From 2010 onwards, such phones became popular in emerging markets,NEWS,weblink Smartphone boom lifts phone market in first quarter, Reuters,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110508150638weblink">weblink 8 May 2011, 29 April 2011, 6 May 2019, and this was attributed to the desire to obtain the lowest calling costs.When the removal of a SIM card is detected by the operating system, it may deny further operation until a reboot.WEB, How to Fix 'No SIM Card Detected' Error on Android,weblink Make Tech Easier, 20 September 2020,

Software

Software platforms

(File:Android_phones.jpg|thumb|Android smartphones){{Expand section|date=October 2018}}Feature phones have basic software platforms. Smartphones have advanced software platforms. Android OS has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011.

Mobile app

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term "app" is a shortening of the term "software application".

Messaging

{{see also|SMS|Multimedia Messaging Service{{!}}MMS}}(File:IPhone Text Message Amber Alert 1882467856 o.jpg|thumb|A text message (SMS))A common data application on mobile phones is Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging. The first SMS message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993. The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000,WEB, Lynn, Natalie, 2016-03-10, The History and Evolution of Mobile Advertising,weblink 2021-10-03, Gimbal, en-US, and subsequently many organizations provided "on-demand" and "instant" news services by SMS. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced in March 2002.BOOK, Bodic, GwenaÃ«l Le,weblink Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services: SMS, EMS and MMS, 2005-07-08, John Wiley & Sons, 978-0-470-01451-6, en,

Application stores

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer programs) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including video games, music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store), RIM's BlackBerry App World, or Android-related app stores like Aptoide, Cafe Bazaar, F-Droid, GetJar, and Opera Mobile Store. In February 2014, 93% of mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713weblink |date=29 June 2016 }}. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2015.

Sales

By manufacturer

{{See also|List of best-selling mobile phones|List of mobile phone brands by country}}{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 87%;"|+ Market share of top-five worldwide mobile phone vendors, Q2 2022

!|Rank!|Manufacturer!|Strategy Analytics reportWEB, 2022-08-24, Global Smartphone Market Share: By Quarter,weblink 2022-08-28, Counterpoint Research, en-US,

>| 21%

>| 16%

13%

>| 10%

vivo (technology company)

>| 9%

Others

31%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors.

As of 2022, the top five manufacturers worldwide were Samsung (21%), Apple (16%), Xiaomi (13%), Oppo (10%), and Vivo (9%).

History

From 1983 to 1998, Motorola was market leader in mobile phones. Nokia was the market leader in mobile phones from 1998 to 2012.WEB,weblink Farewell Nokia: The rise and fall of a mobile pioneer, Roger, Cheng, CNET, In Q1 2012, Samsung surpassed Nokia, selling 93.5 million units as against Nokia's 82.7 million units. Samsung has retained its top position since then.Aside from Motorola, European brands such as Nokia, Siemens and Ericsson once held large sway over the global mobile phone market, and many new technologies were pioneered in Europe. By 2010, the influence of European companies had significantly decreased due to fierce competition from American and Asian companies, to where most technical innovation had shifted.WEB,weblink How the smartphone made Europe look stupid, 14 February 2010, the Guardian, WEB,weblink Non-Chinese smartphones: These phones are not made in China - MobilityArena.com, Yomi Adegboye AKA Mister, Mobility, 5 February 2020, mobilityarena.com, Apple and Google, both of the United States, also came to dominate mobile phone software.

By mobile phone operator

The world's largest individual mobile operator by number of subscribers is China Mobile, which has over 902 million mobile phone subscribers {{as of|2018|June|lc=y}}.WEB,weblink Operation Data, China Mobile, 2017-08-31, Over 50 mobile operators have over ten million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009.Source: wireless intelligence In 2014, there were more than seven billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide, a number that is expected to keep growing.{{clear}}

Use

{{see also|Smartphone#Use}}(File:Mobile phone subscribers 1997-2014 ITU.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is estimated.)Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, such as keeping in touch with family members, for conducting business, and in order to have access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some people carry more than one mobile phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans. For example, a particular plan might provide for cheaper local calls, long-distance calls, international calls, or roaming.The mobile phone has been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society. For example:

A study by Motorola found that one in ten mobile phone subscribers have a second phone that is often kept secret from other family members. These phones may be used to engage in such activities as extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.NEWS,weblink Millions keep secret mobile, BBC News, 16 October 2001, 4 November 2009,
Some organizations assist victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergencies. These are often refurbished phones.WEB, Richard, Brooks,weblink Donated cell phones help battered women, The Press-Enterprise, 13 August 2007, 4 November 2009, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090925105500weblink">weblink 25 September 2009,
The advent of widespread text-messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel, the first literary genre to emerge from the cellular age, via text messaging to a website that collects the novels as a whole.MAGAZINE, Goodyear, Dana,weblink Letter from Japan: I â™¥ Novels, The New Yorker, 7 January 2009, 29 July 2009,
Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and citizen journalism.
The United Nations reported that mobile phones have spread faster than any other form of technology and can improve the livelihood of the poorest people in developing countries, by providing access to information in places where landlines or the Internet are not available, especially in the least developed countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a wealth of micro-enterprises, by providing such work as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets.NEWS,weblink Reuters, Jonathan, Lynn, Mobile phones help lift poor out of poverty: U.N. study, 3 December 2013,
In Mali and other African countries, people used to travel from village to village to let friends and relatives know about weddings, births, and other events. This can now be avoided in areas with mobile phone coverage, which are usually more extensive than areas with just land-line penetration.
The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising, social TV, and mobile TV.WEB,weblink 4 Ways Smartphones Can Save Live TV, Tvgenius.net, 4 June 2012, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120514021048weblink">weblink 14 May 2012, It is estimated that 86% of Americans use their mobile phone while watching TV.
In some parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. Cell phone sharing is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobile phones among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.Donner, Jonathan, and Steenson, Molly Wright. "Beyond the Personal and Private: Modes of Mobile Phone Sharing in Urban India." In The Reconstruction of Space and Time: Mobile Communication Practices, edited by Scott Campbell and Rich Ling, 231â€“250. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008. It is common for a village to have access to only one mobile phone, perhaps owned by a teacher or missionary, which is available to all members of the village for necessary calls.JOURNAL, Hahn, Hans, Kibora, Ludovic, 2008, The Domestication of the Mobile Phone: Oral Society and New ICT in Burkina Faso, Journal of Modern African Studies, 46, 87â€“109, 10.1017/s0022278x07003084, 154804246,
Smartphones also have the use for individuals who suffer from diabetes. There are apps for patients with diabetes to self monitor their blood sugar, and can sync with flash monitors. The apps have a feature to send automated feedback or possible warnings to other family members or healthcare providers in the case of an emergency.

Content distribution

In 1998, one of the first examples of distributing and selling media content through the mobile phone was the sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards, other media content appeared, such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content for mobile phones tended to be copies of legacy media, such as banner advertisements or TV news highlight video clips. Recently, unique content for mobile phones has been emerging, from ringtones and ringback tones to mobisodes, video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Mobile banking and payment

(File:Mobile payment 01.jpg|thumb|Mobile payment system){{see also|Branchless banking|Contactless payment}}In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.Branchless banking has also been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank, Bank Mandiri.WEB,weblink Branchless banking to start in Bali, The Jakarta Post, 13 April 2012, 4 June 2012, Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators Globe and Smart.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Some mobile phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes, or through contactless payments if the phone and the point of sale support near field communication (NFC).WEB,weblink Mobile Payments: Look to Korea, Feig, Nancy, banktech.com, 25 June 2007, 29 January 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100326155917weblink">weblink 26 March 2010, Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100124001632weblink">weblink dead, 24 January 2010, NFC mobile phone set to explode, Ready, Sarah, connectedplanetonline.com, 10 November 2009, 29 January 2011, WEB,weblink VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments, Tofel, Kevin C., gigaom.com, 20 August 2010, 21 January 2011, 21 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120621023021weblink">weblink dead,

Mobile tracking

{{see also|Cellphone surveillance|Mobile phone tracking}}Mobile phones are commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not) using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the mobile phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.NEWS,weblink Tracking a suspect by mobile phone, 3 August 2005, BBC News, 14 March 2009, NEWS,weblink Cell Phone Tracking Can Locate Terrorists â€“ But Only Where It's Legal, Miller, Joshua, 14 March 2009, Fox News, 4 February 2014, The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement agencies and their governments. Both the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.China has proposed using this technology to track the commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.NEWS,weblink Cecilia Kang, China plans to track cellphone users, sparking human rights concerns, The Washington Post, 3 March 2011, In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobile phones to perform surveillance operations.NEWS,weblink FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool, McCullagh, Declan, Anne Broache, 1 December 2006, CNet News, 14 March 2009, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131110182623weblink">weblink 10 November 2013, Hackers have been able to track a phone's location, read messages, and record calls, through obtaining a subscribers phone number.NEWS,weblink Your phone number is all a hacker needs to read texts, listen to calls and track you, Samuel, Gibbs, The Guardian, 18 April 2016, www.theguardian.com,

Electronic waste regulation

(File:Handy schrott mobile phone scrap.jpg|right|thumb|Scrapped mobile phones){{see also|Mobile phone recycling}}Studies have shown that around 40â€“50% of the environmental impact of mobile phones occurs during the manufacture of their printed wiring boards and integrated circuits.WEB,weblink The Secret Life Series â€“ Environmental Impacts of Cell Phones, Inform, Inc., 4 February 2014, The average user replaces their mobile phone every 11 to 18 months,WEB,weblink E-waste research group, Facts and figures, Griffith University, 3 December 2011, and the discarded phones then contribute to electronic waste. Mobile phone manufacturers within Europe are subject to the WEEE directive, and Australia has introduced a mobile phone recycling scheme.WEB,weblink Mobile Phone Waste and The Environment, Aussie Recycling Program, 3 December 2011, Apple Inc. had an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter called Liam specifically for recycling outdated or broken iPhones.WEB, Rujanavech, Charissa, Lessard, Joe, Chandler, Sarah, Shannon, Sean, Dahmus, Jeffrey, Guzzo, Rob, Liam â€“ An Innovation Story,weblink Apple, 10 May 2022, September 2016,

Theft

According to the Federal Communications Commission, one out of three robberies involve the theft of a cellular phone.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Police data in San Francisco show that half of all robberies in 2012 were thefts of cellular phones.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} An online petition on Change.org, called Secure our Smartphones, urged smartphone manufacturers to install kill switches in their devices to make them unusable if stolen. The petition is part of a joint effort by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District Attorney George GascÃ³n and was directed to the CEOs of the major smartphone manufacturers and telecommunication carriers. Adams, Mike "Plea Urges Anti-Theft Phone Tech" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504weblink |date=16 October 2014 }} San Francisco Examiner 7 June 2013 p. 5 On 10 June 2013, Apple announced that it would install a "kill switch" on its next iPhone operating system, due to debut in October 2013."Apple to add kill switches to help combat iPhone theft" by Jaxon Van Derbeken San Francisco Chronicle 11 June 2013 p. 1All mobile phones have a unique identifier called IMEI. Anyone can report their phone as lost or stolen with their Telecom Carrier, and the IMEI would be blacklisted with a central registry.WEB,weblink IMEIpro â€“ free IMEI number check service, www.imeipro.info, 29 September 2016, Telecom carriers, depending upon local regulation can or must implement blocking of blacklisted phones in their network. There are, however, a number of ways to circumvent a blacklist. One method is to send the phone to a country where the telecom carriers are not required to implement the blacklisting and sell it there,WEB,weblink How stolen phone blacklists will tamp down on crime, and what to do in the mean time, 27 November 2012, en-US, 29 September 2016, another involves altering the phone's IMEI number.WEB,weblink How To Change IMEI Number, 1 July 2015, en-US, 29 September 2016, Even so, mobile phones typically have less value on the second-hand market if the phones original IMEI is blacklisted.

Conflict minerals

Demand for metals used in mobile phones and other electronics fuelled the Second Congo War, which claimed almost 5.5 million lives.NEWS,weblink weblink 10 January 2022, subscription, live, Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?, 27 September 2011, The Daily Telegraph, {{cbignore}} In a 2012 news story, The Guardian reported: "In unsafe mines deep underground in eastern Congo, children are working to extract minerals essential for the electronics industry. The profits from the minerals finance the bloodiest conflict since the second world war; the war has lasted nearly 20 years and has recently flared up again. For the last 15 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been a major source of natural resources for the mobile phone industry."NEWS,weblink Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our mobile phones, 7 December 2012, The Guardian, The company Fairphone has worked to develop a mobile phone that does not contain conflict minerals.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

{{anchor|Kosher phone}}Kosher phones

Due to concerns by the Orthodox Jewish rabbinate in Britain that texting by youths could waste time and lead to "immodest" communication, the rabbinate recommended that phones with text-messaging capability not be used by children; to address this, they gave their official approval to a brand of "Kosher" phones with no texting capabilities. Although these phones are intended to prevent immodesty, some vendors report good sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the devices; other Orthodox Jews question the need for them.NEWS, Matthew, Brunwasser,weblink Kosher Phones For Britain's Orthodox Jews, Public Radio International, January 25, 2012, In Israel, similar phones to kosher phones with restricted features exist to observe the sabbath; under Orthodox Judaism, the use of any electrical device is generally prohibited during this time, other than to save lives, or reduce the risk of death or similar needs. Such phones are approved for use by essential workers, such as health, security, and public service workers.WEB,weblink Introducing: A 'Kosher Phone' Permitted on Shabbat, Rachel, Hirshfeld, March 26, 2012, Arutz Sheva,

Restrictions

Restrictions on the use of mobile phones are applied in a number of different contexts, often with the goal of health, safety, security or proper functioning of an establishment, or as a matter of etiquette. Such contexts include:

While driving

(File:Hand held phone in car (color balanced).JPG|thumb|right|A driver using two handheld mobile phones at once)(File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign in the US restricting cell phone use to certain times of day (no cell phone use between 7:30â€“9:00 am and 2:00â€“4:15 pm))Mobile phone use while driving, including talking on the phone, texting, or operating other phone features, is common but controversial. It is widely considered dangerous due to distracted driving. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by cell phones. In March 2011, a US insurance company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.NEWS, Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says, Los Angeles Times, 4 March 2011,weblink Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal, and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone (which uses a speakerphone) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France and in many US states, only handheld phone use is banned while hands-free use is permitted.A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.JOURNAL, The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude, Atchley, Paul, January 2011, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003, 21094307, Stephanie, Atwood, Boulton, Aaron, 43, 1, 134â€“142, The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or texting while driving, is limited. A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.NEWS,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080429193451weblink">weblink dead, 2008-04-29, Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril, Democrat and Chronicle, Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav.A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects on behaviour and safety.de Waard, D., Schepers, P., Ormel, W. and Brookhuis, K., 2010, Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety, Ergonomics, Vol 53, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 30â€“42. In 2013, a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their cellphones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.WEB,weblink Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds, USA Today, Nov 12, 2013, Larry, Copeland, A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using mobile phones while driving.JOURNAL,weblink Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group, Social Science Computer Review, 28, 3, 336â€“349, 10.1177/0894439309353099, 2010, Burger, Christoph, Riemer, Valentin, Grafeneder, JÃ¼rgen, WoisetschlÃ¤ger, Bianca, Vidovic, Dragana, Hergovich, Andreas, 61640965, dead,weblink Apr 21, 2022, Accidents involving a driver being distracted by talking on a mobile phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a hand-held mobile phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of Â£60.NEWS,weblink Drivers face new phone penalties, 22 January 2007, BBC News, This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.NEWS,weblink Careless talk, 22 February 2007, BBC News, Japan prohibits all mobile phone use while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned hand-held cell phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned texting on cell phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.NEWS,weblink CNN, Illinois to ban texting while driving, 12 May 2010, 6 August 2009, {{as of|2010|July|}}, 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on 15 July.NEWS,weblink weblink" title="archive.today/20130119183044weblink">weblink dead, 19 January 2013, Texting while driving ban, other new Kentucky laws take effect today, Stephanie, Steitzer, The Courier-Journal, 14 July 2010, 15 July 2010, Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile communication devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992 when first law was passed, through 1 December 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld), targeted populations, and exemptions.WEB,weblink Distracted Driving Laws, Public Health Law Research, 15 July 2011, 27 June 2014,

On aircraft

While walking

(File:Crowd of people with phones.jpg|thumb|right|People using phones while walking)In 2010, an estimated 1500 pedestrians were injured in the US while using a cellphone and some jurisdictions have attempted to ban pedestrians from using their cellphones.JOURNAL, Nasar, Jack L., Troyer, Dereck, Pedestrian injuries due to mobile phone use in public places, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 57, 91â€“95, 21 March 2013, 10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.021, 23644536, 8743434,weblink weblink dead, 31 July 2017, 31 July 2017, NEWS, Grabar, Henry, The Absurdity of Honolulu's New Law Banning Pedestrians From Looking at Their Cellphones,weblink 31 July 2017, Slate (magazine), Slate, 28 July 2017, Other countries, such as China and the Netherlands, have introduced special lanes for smartphone users to help direct and manage them.{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/sep/15/china-mobile-phone-lane-distracted-walking-pedestrians |title=Chinese city opens 'phone lane' for texting pedestrians |newspaper=The Guardian |author=Leo Benedictus |date=15 September 2014}}{{citation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/belgium/11674215/Antwerp-introduces-text-walking-lanes-for-pedestrians-using-mobile-phones.html |author=David Chazan |location=Paris |date=14 Jun 2015 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |title=Antwerp introduces 'text walking lanes' for pedestrians using mobile phones}}

In prisons

Health effects

{{See also|Nomophobia|Mobile phone overuse}}Screen time, the amount of time using a device with a screen, has become an issue for mobile phones since the adaptation of smartphones. WEB,weblink Definition of SCREEN TIME, www.merriam-webster.com, 2019-11-09, Research is being conducted to show the correlation between screen time and the mental and physical harm in child development. JOURNAL, Stiglic, Neza, Viner, Russell M, Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews, BMJ Open, 3 January 2019, 9, 1, e023191, 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191, 30606703, 6326346, To prevent harm, some parents and even governments have placed restrictions on its usage.MAGAZINE,weblink This Place Just Made it Illegal to Give Kids Too Much Screen Time, Time, 2019-11-08, JOURNAL, Radesky, Jenny, Christakis, Dimitri, 2016, Media and Young Minds,weblink Pediatrics, 138, 5, e20162591, 10.1542/peds.2016-2591, 27940793, free, There have been rumors that mobile phone use can cause cancer, but this is a myth.WEB, Cancer Research UK, 8 February 2022, Do mobile phones, 4G or 5G cause cancer?,weblink While there are rumors of mobile phones causing cancer, there was a study conducted by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) that stated the there could be an increase risk of brain tumors with the use of smartphones, this is not confirmed. They also stated that with the lack of data for the research and the usage periods of 15 years will warrant further research for smartphones and the cause of brain tumors. JOURNAL, Naeem, Zahid, October 2014, Health risks associated with mobile phones use, International Journal of Health Sciences, 8, 4, V-VI, 25780365, 4350886,

Educational impact

{{see also|Mobile phone use in schools}}A study by the London School of Economics found that banning mobile phones in schools could increase pupils' academic performance, providing benefits equal to one extra week of schooling per year.NEWS, Social media 'more stressful than exams', Davis, Anna, 18 May 2015, London Evening Standard, 13,

Culture and popularity

{{See also|SMS language|Xelibri}}Mobile phones are considered an important human invention as it has been one of the most widely used and sold pieces of consumer technology. They have also become culturally symbolic. In Japanese mobile phone culture for example, mobile phones are often decorated with charms. They have also become fashion symbols at times.WEB, 2006-10-14, Cell phone users choosing fashion over function,weblink 2023-07-18, NBC News, en, The Motorola Razr V3 and LG Chocolate are two examples of devices that were popular for being fashionable while not necessarily focusing on the original purpose of mobile phones, i.e. a device to provide mobile telephony.NEWS, Pell, Alex, 2023-07-18, Test Bench: Fashion phones, The Times, en,weblink 2023-07-18, 0140-0460, Some have also suggested that mobile phones or smartphones are a status symbol.WEB, Lasco, Gideon, 2015-10-22, The smartphone as status symbol,weblink 2023-07-18, INQUIRER.net, en, For example a research paper suggested that owning specifically an Apple iPhone was seen to be a status symbol.NEWS, Deccan Chronicle, iPhone, iPad are status symbols: Research, July 9, 2018,weblink Text messaging, which are performed on mobile phones, has also led to the creation of 'SMS language'. It also led to the growing popularity of emojis.WEB, Strat-Comm, Sailient, 2018-01-06, The evolution of emoji into culture,weblink 2023-07-18, Medium, en,

Notes

References

External links

{{HowStuffWorks|cell-phone|"How Cell Phones Work"}}
weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070701050620weblink">"The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone", 15 photos with captions from Time magazine
Cell Phone, the ring heard around the world â€“ a video documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

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{{anchor|Kosher phone}}Kosher phones

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