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|+ Kalpa sutras knownMax Muller, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, Oxford University Press, pages 198-199style="text-align: center;" style="text-align: left;" style="text-align: left;" style="text-align: left;" style="text-align: left;" style="text-align: center;" The rituals related ancient texts are of two kinds: (1) the Śrautasūtras, which are based on the śruti, and (2) the Smārtasūtras, or rules based on the smriti or tradition. The first versions of the Kalpa Sutras text were probably composed by the 6th-century BCE, and they were attributed to famous Vedic sages out of respect for them in the Hindu traditions or to gain authority. These texts are written aphoristic sutras style, and therefore are taxonomies or terse guidebooks rather than detailed manuals or handbooks for any ceremony.BOOK, Brian K. Smith, Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion,weblink 1998, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-1532-2, 120–137 with footnotes, Scholars such as Monier-Williams classified only Shrautasutras as part of Kalpa Vedanga, stating that the Smartasutras did not relate to Srauta or Vedic ceremonies, but instead focused on domestic events such as rites of passage when a baby is born and to Samayachara or "conventional everyday practices" that are part of every human being's life.BOOK, Monier Monier-Williams, Indian Wisdom,weblink 1876, W. H. Allen & Company, 195–198, However, other scholars include both.

Srauta Sutras

File:Pythagorean.svg|thumb|260px|The verses 1-2 of Baudhayana Shulba Sutra state that the squares of any rectangle's width and length add up to the square of its diagonal.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=18 with note 13}} This is one of the earliest descriptions of Pythagorean theorem, appearing many centuries before PythagorasPythagorasThe Śrautasūtras (Shrauta-sutra) form a part of the corpus of Sanskrit sūtra literature. Their topics include instructions relating to the use of the śruti corpus in ritual ('kalpa') and the correct performance of these rituals. Some early Śrautasūtras were composed in the late Brahmana period (such as the Baudhyanana and Vadhula Sūtras), but the bulk of the Śrautasūtras are roughly contemporary to the Gṛhya corpus of domestic sūtras, their language being late Vedic Sanskrit, dating to the middle of the first millennium BCE (generally predating Pāṇini).

Shulba Sutras

The {{IAST | Śulbasûtra}} (or Shulva-sutras) deal with the mathematical methodology to construct altar geometries for the Vedic rituals.BOOK, Pradip Kumar Sengupta, History of Science and Philosophy of Science,weblink 2010, Pearson, 978-81-317-1930-5, 79–80, The Sanskrit word "Shulba" means cord, and these texts are "rules of the cord".{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=17}} They provide, states Kim Plofker, what in modern mathematical terminology would be called "area preserving transformations of plane figures", tersely describing geometric formulae and constants.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=17}} Five Shulba Sutras texts have survived through history, of which the oldest surviving is likely the Baudhayana Shulba Sutra (800-500 BCE), while the one by Katyayana may be chronologically the youngest (~300 BCE).{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=17-18}}

Gṛhyasūtras

The Gṛhyasūtras "domestic sūtras" are a category of Sanskrit texts prescribing Vedic rituals, mainly relating to rites of passage such as rituals of wedding, birth celebration, namegiving and coming of age (puberty).Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892 Their language is late Vedic Sanskrit, and they date to around roughly 500 BCE, contemporary with the Śrautasūtras. They are named after Vedic shakhas.BOOK, Subodh Kapoor, Encyclopaedia of vedic philosophy,weblink 2002, Cosmo, 978-81-7755-290-4, 2114–2115, }}

Dharmasūtras

The Dharmasūtras are texts dealing with custom, rituals, duties and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later dharmaśāstras, the dharmasūtras are composed in prose. The oldest dharmasūtra is generally believed to have been that of Apastamba, followed by the dharmasūtras of Gautama, Baudhayana, and an early version of Vashistha. It is difficult to determine exact dates for these texts, but the dates between 500 and 300 BCE have been suggested for the oldest dharmasūtras.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"! Veda!! SrautasutraKochar, Rajesh Vedic People:Their History and Geography, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2000, {{ISBN|81-250-1080-7}}, p.18!! Sulbasutra !!Grihyasutra !! Dharmasutra

Ṛgveda}}	{{IAST	Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit Books in the British Museum (1876) p. 9. Gargya's commentaries (vrttis) are based on the longer bhashyas by Devasvamin (11th century). B.K. Sastry, review {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084413weblink	Asvalayana Grihya Sutra Bhashyam of Devasvamin, 1983.{{IAST>Sāṅkhāyana Śrautasūtra}}		{{IAST	Śāṅkhāyana-Gr̥hyasūtra}} weblink	{{IAST | Vasishtha Dharmasūtra}}

Sāmaveda}}	{{IAST				Gautama Dharmasūtra}}

Kṛsna Yajurveda}}	{{IAST	Vādhūla Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST	Bharadvāja Śrautasūtra}}{{IAST	Hiraṅyakeśi Śrautasūtra}}{{IAST	Vaikhānasa Śrautasūtra}}	{{IAST		Hiraṇyakeśi-Gṛhyasūtra}}(Satyāsādha-Gṛhyasūtra) weblinkMānava-GṛhyasūtraBhāradvāja-GṛhyasūtraĀpastamba-Gṛhyasūtra{{IAST		Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra}}Āpastamba DharmasūtraHārīta DharmasūtraHiraṇyakeśi DharmasūtraVaikhānasa DharmasūtraViṣṇu Dharmasūtra

Śukla Yajurveda}}	{{IAST		Kātyāyana Śulbasūtra}}	Pāraskara-GṛhyasūtraKatyayana-Gṛhyasūtra	Śaṅkha-Likhita Dharmasūtra

	Vaitāna Śrautasũtra}}		{{IAST	|Auśanasa Dharmasūtra

See also

• Kalpa SÅ«tra, scriptures of Jainism
• MÄ«māṃsā
• Orthopraxy

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Kim, Plofker, Kim Plofker, Mathematics in India, Mathematics in India (book), 2009, Princeton University Press, 978-0-691-12067-6,
• BOOK, Maurice Winternitz, Moriz Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, 1963, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-0056-4,

{{Hindudharma}}