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June
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{{short description|Sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars}}{{about|the month}}{{redirect|Jun.||Jun (disambiguation){{!}}Jun}}{{pp-move-indef}}{{use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}File:Mittsommerfest in Norwegen, Insel Tysnes IMG 4420WI.jpg|thumb|The celebration of Midsummer (June solstice) in Norway with a bonfirebonfire{{Calendar}}June—abbreviated Jun or Jun.—is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. June is 30 days long, and comes after May and before July. June marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year.The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. The East Asian rainy season is also generally considered to commence during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year, and last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June.Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, commences in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. The most well-known month-long observance in the United States in June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals and the advancement of their civil liberties.

Overview

June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world.BOOK, Jan, Gyllenbok, 2018, Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures, 1, Springer International Publishing, 978-3-319-57598-8, {{rp|304}}BOOK, Ann Marie B., Bahr, 2009, Christianity, Facts On File, 978-1-4381-0639-7, 117–118, Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months to contain 30 days, alongside April, September and November; herein June lies between April, the fourth month of the year, and September—the ninth month of the year.{{rp|304}} June is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop).DICTIONARY, Jun., n., Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins, n.d.,www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jun, 11 March 2024, Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius, named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: ). The name June entered English in the 13th century via the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century.DICTIONARY, June, n., September 2023, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 10.1093/OED/4206893514, DICTIONARY, Douglas, Harper, 28 September 2017, June,www.etymonline.com/word/June, Online Etymology Dictionary, 12 March 2024,

History

{{further|Iunius (month)}}{{see also|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}File:Chronography of 354 Mensis Iunius.png|thumb|Illustration for the month of June, based on the Calendar of FilocalusCalendar of FilocalusJune originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iunius)BOOK, Hannah, Robert, Greek and Roman Calendars, 2013, Bloomsbury Publishing, 978-1-84966-751-7, 99, in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure.{{efn|The Romans usually described their first calendar as one with ten fixed months—four “full months” (pleni menses) with 31 days and six “hollow months” (cavi menses) of 30 days, the latter including Iunius.BOOK, Mommsen, Theodor, Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy, 1, Dickson, William Purdie,archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n6/mode/2up, Richard Bentley, 1864, 218–219, Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to Romulus, their legendary first king, around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all.BOOK, Rüpke, Jörg, 2011, Jörg Rüpke, The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti, D.M.B., Richardson, Wiley, 978-0-4706-5508-5, 23, ENCYCLOPAEDIA,www.britannica.com/science/Roman-republican-calendar, Roman republican calendar, 22 December 2023, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 30 March 2024, }} Iunius, originally the fourth month, had 29 days alongside Aprilis (“April“), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus “August“), September, November and December.{{rp|377–378}} It is unclear when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius (“January“) and Februarius (“February“) came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC.BOOK, Forsythe, Gary, Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History, 2012, Routledge, 978-0-415-52217-5, 14–15, In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughter’s wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June.BOOK, Howard Hayes, Scullard, Howard Hayes Scullard, 1981, Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, Cornell University Press, 978-0-8014-1402-2, 126, The Greek philosopher and writer Plutarch, however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.BOOK, Karen K., Hersch, 2010, The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-12427-0, 47, In 46 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the Julian calendar after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a leap year every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the average year of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual solar year of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies).BOOK, Richards, E. G., 2013, Urban, Sean E., Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, 3rd, Calendars, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, 978-1-891389-85-6, 593–595, In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar—the Gregorian calendar—that reduced the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar’s drift against the solar year.BOOK, Mezzi, E., Vizza, F., Luigi Lilio Medico: Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò, Luigi Lilio: Doctor, Astronomer and Mathematician from Cirò, Italian, Laruffa Editore, 2010, 14, 52, 978-88-7221-481-7, CONFERENCE, Ziggelaar, A., 1983,articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=209, The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar, Coyne, G. V., Hoskin, M. A., Pedersen, O., Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 210,

Climate, daylight and astronomy

In the Northern Hemisphere, June marks the commencement of summer, while in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the start of winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June, while meteorological summer commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June.BOOK, Andrew, Hund, S. George, Philander, 2012, Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change, 2, 1, Sage Publishing, 978-1-5063-2075-5, 1245–1246, The June solstice—known as the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere.BOOK, Todd, Timberlake, Paul, Wallace, 2019, Finding Our Place in the Solar System: The Scientific Story of the Copernican Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 978-1-107-18229-5, 36, WEB, P., Rocher, n.d., Solstice d’été de 1583 à 2999, Summer solstice from 1583 to 2999, Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides, Observatory of Paris, French,www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_ete_1583_2999.pdf, 11 March 2024, In places north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, this is when the midnight sun occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight.The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June, lasting until 30 November.BOOK, Tommaso, Caloiero, 2018, Hydrological Hazard: Analysis and Prevention, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 978-3-03897-374-4, 194, In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, around the Indian subcontinent, year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June.BOOK, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 2006, South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 4, Sailing Directions – Planning Guides, ProStar Publications, 978-1-57785-752-5, 126, 132, In contrast, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the Mediterranean having stable air.JOURNAL, P. T., Nastos, K., Karavana-Papadimou, I. T., Matsangouras, September 2015, Tropical-like Cyclones in the Mediterranean: Impacts and Composite Daily Means and Anomalies of Synoptic Conditions, University of Athens, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology,cest2015.gnest.org/papers/cest2015_00407_oral_paper.pdf, 2–3, 11 March 2024, The East Asian rainy season is generally considered to commence in June.BOOK, Kozo, Ninomiya, 2001, 豪雨と降水システム, Heavy Rain and Precipitation Systems, Tokyodo Publishing, 978-4-490-20435-3, 121–122, Japanese, Certain meteor showers occur annually during this month. The Arietids—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking on 8 June; the Beta Taurids take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and the June Bootids commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June.BOOK, Gary W., Kronk, 2013, June Meteor Showers, Meteor Showers: An Annotated Catalog, Springer International Publishing, 978-1-4614-7897-3, 106, 111–112, 134, WEB, Maria, Hajdukova, Regina, Rudawska, 16 August 2023,www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2022/Roje/roje_lista.php?corobic_roje=1&sort_roje=0, Established meteor showers, Meteor Data Center, International Astronomical Union, 11 March 2024,

Observances

File:2018 San Francisco Pride.jpg|thumb|In the United States, June is Pride MonthPride MonthIn Catholicism, June is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. This observance is called the Month of the Sacred Heart.BOOK, Kathy, Coffey, Mary Ellen, Hynes, Corinna, Laughlin, 2012, Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints, Seasons, and Holidays of the Year, 2, Liturgy Training Publications, 978-1-56854-260-7, 79, In Canada, June is ALS Awareness Month, a campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for a cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Filipino Heritage Month.WEB, Kar, Anita, 2 June 2015,www.mcgill.ca/neuro/channels/news/als-awareness-month-june-253218, ALS Awareness Month – June, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 11 March 2024, NEWS, Ysh, Cabana, 9 November 2018,philippinereporter.com/index.php/2018/11/09/parliament-adopts-june-as-filipino-heritage-month/, Parliament adopts June as Filipino Heritage Month, The Philippine Reporter, 11 March 2024, The most well-known month-long observance in the United States in June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals and the advancement of their civil liberties.BOOK, Rachele, Kanigel, 2019, Diversity Calendar, The Diversity Style Guide, Wiley (publisher), Wiley, 978-1-119-05515-0, 301, NEWS, Oliver, David, Ali, Rasha, 28 June 2019, Why we owe Pride to black transgender women who threw bricks at cops,www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2019/06/24/pride-month-black-transgender-women-stonewall-marsha-p-johnson/1478200001/, USA Today, Gannett, 11 March 2024, Caribbean-American Heritage Month also occurs annually in June.BOOK, Halloran, Vivian, Birkenmaier, Anke, 2020, Circumscribed Citizenship: Caribbean American Visibility, Caribbean Migrations: The Legacies of Colonialism, Rutgers University Press, 978-1-9788-1449-3, 80, National Smile Month, the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by the Oral Health Foundation, commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June.BOOK, Grayson, Vicky, Moyse, Karen, 2009, Health Promotion in Context, Health in Children and Young People: The Role of the Nurse, Wiley, 978-1-4443-2265-1, 368, WEB, 24 May 2019,www.jpaget.nhs.uk/news-media/news-events/2019-news/may-2019-news/national-smile-month/, National Smile Month, James Paget University Hospital, 11 March 2024, WEB,www.dentalhealth.org/national-smile-month-2024, National Smile Month 2024, Oral Health Foundation, n.d., 11 March 2024, In Barbados, June is part of the Season of Emancipation which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent.WEB,barbados.org/events/season-of-emancipation.htm#, Barbados Season of Emancipation, official website, Barbados, n.d., 11 March 2024, BOOK, Oldfield, J. R., 2007, Chords of Freedom: Commemoration, Ritual and British Transatlantic Slavery, Manchester University Press, 978-0-7190-6665-8, 165,

Global single-day observances

Noteworthy international holidays include:
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United Nations

The following are global holidays which are formally observed by the United Nations:WEB,www.un.org/en/observances/international-days-and-weeks, International Days and Weeks, United Nations, n.d., 11 March 2024, {{Div col|colwidth=18em}} {{div col end}}

Religious observances

{{further|Date of Easter}}As Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the w:Paschal full moon|Paschal full moon]], which is the first w:full moon|full moon]] on or after 21 March (a fixed approximation of the w:March equinox|March equinox]]), Ascension Day, observed 39 days after Easter, can occur in June.BOOK, Bede, 1999, The Reckoning of Time, Faith Wallis, Liverpool University Press, 978-0-85323-693-1, xviii–xx, WEB, Bednarek, M., n.d., Easter Dates from 1600 to 2099,www.census.gov/data/software/x13as/genhol/easter-dates.html, X-13ARIMA-SEATS, census.gov, 12 March 2024, Pentecost is the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, while Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost.BOOK, Nachum, Dershowitz, Edward M., Reingold, 2008, Calendrical Calculations, 3, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-88540-9, 119, The Catholic Church also observes the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which happens on the Friday following the second Sunday after Pentecost.BOOK, Hoffner, Helen, Illustrated by Folles, Deirdre, 2018, Catholic Traditions and Treasures: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Sophia Institute Press, 978-1-62282-484-7, 26, The Feast of Corpus Christi, observed by the Latin Church and certain Western Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican churches, takes place on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. The feast of Saints Peter and Paul, a liturgical feast observed by numerous denominations, always occurs on 29 June.BOOK, Paul, Bishop, 2023, Discourses of Philology and Theology in Nietzsche: From the “Untimelies” to The Anti-Christ, Springer International Publishing, 978-3-031-42272-0, 26, In Buddhism, Vesak (Buddha Day), the most significant Buddhist festival, occurs on 2 June in Singapore and on 3 June in Thailand as of 2024.NEWS,www.straitstimes.com/singapore/vesak-day-next-year-to-fall-on-june-2-singapore-to-have-7-long-weekends-in-2023, Vesak Day revised to fall on June 2 next year; Singapore to have 7 long weekends in 2023, The Straits Times, 19 January 2023, Originally published 29 September 2022, 12 March 2024, WEB, Neill, Fronde, 31 December 2022,thethaiger.com/hot-news/events/thai-holidays-in-2023, Thai holidays in 2023, The Thaiger, 12 March 2024, Shavuot, one of the biblically-ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals observed in Judaism, takes place during the month of Sivan in the Hebrew calendar, which corresponds to being between May and June in the Gregorian calendar.BOOK, Steinberg, Paul, Janet Greenstein, Potter, 2007, Celebrating the Jewish Year: The Spring and Summer Holidays, 1, 3, Jewish Publication Society, 978-0-8276-0850-4, 136,

Symbols

In astrology, the Zodiac signs for those born between 21 May and 21 June is Gemini. For people born between 22 June and 22 July, their sign is Cancer.BOOK, Williams, William F., 2013, Astrology, Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy, Taylor & Francis, 978-1-135-95522-9, 18–19, The birthstones associated with June in the United States are pearl, moonstone and alexandrite.WEB,www.gia.edu/birthstones, Birthstones For Each Month, Gemological Institute of America, n.d., 12 March 2024, The birth flowers of June are rose and honeysuckle.BOOK, Binney, Ruth, 2019, Plant Lore and Legend: The Wisdom and Wonder of Plants and Flowers Revealed, Dover Publications, 978-0-486-82874-9, 17,

References

Citations

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Explanatory notes

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External links

  • {{wiktionary-inline}}
  • {{commons-inline|June}}
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