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Estonians
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{{short description|Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}







factoids
1.1 millionEstai
(2023)}}HTTP://ANDMEBAAS.STAT.EE/INDEX.ASPX?DATASETCODE=RV0222U>TITLE=POPULATION BY ETHNIC NATIONALITYSTATISTICS ESTONIA>ACCESS-DATE=6 JUNE 2021{{small|Other significant population centers:}}}}| region1 = {{FIN}}Statistics Finland does not record ethnicity and instead categorizes the population by their native language; in 2017, Estonian was spoken as a mother tongue by 49,590 people, not all of whom may be ethnic Estonians.}}HTTP://WWW.STAT.FI/TUP/SUOLUK/SUOLUK_VAESTO_EN.HTML>TITLE=POPULATIONDATE=4 APRIL 2018DATE=27 DECEMBER 2010BALTIC NEWS NETWORK>ACCESS-DATE=4 OCTOBER 2018, | region2 = {{USA}}PUBLISHER=UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAUURL-STATUS=LIVEARCHIVE-DATE=17 SEPTEMBER 2022, | region4 = {{CAN}}ACCESS-DATE=17 MARCH 2015ARCHIVE-DATE=20 NOVEMBER 2013DF=DMY-ALL, | region3 = {{SWE}}ACCESS-DATE=7 JUNE 2015ARCHIVE-DATE=17 FEBRUARY 2015DF=DMY-ALL, | region6 = {{RUS}}PUBLISHER=FEDERAL STATE STATISTICS SERVICE (RUSSIA)>ACCESS-DATE=30 DECEMBER 2022, | region5 = {{GBR}}WORK=ETHNOLOGUE, 12 May 2016, | region7 = {{AUS}}PUBLISHER=AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICSACCESS-DATE=17 SEPTEMBER 2011, | region8 = {{GER}}WEBSITE=WWW.DESTATIS.DE, | region9 = {{NOR}}| pop9 = 5,092"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2016". Statistics Norway. Accessed 01 May 2016.| region11 = {{UKR}}PUBLISHER=STATE STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF UKRAINEURL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE=5 DECEMBER 2008, dmy-all, | region12 = {{IRL}}WORK=CENTRAL STATISTICS OFFICE IRELANDARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20110806062421/HTTP://WWW.CSO.IE/STATISTICS/PLACEBIRTHAGEGROUP.HTM, 6 August 2011, | region13 = {{BEL}}ACCESS-DATE=17 MARCH 2015ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150221011944/HTTP://WWW.ESTEMB.BE/ESTONIA_AND_BELGIUM, dead, | region14 = {{LAT}}WEBSITE=CSB.GOV.LV, | region15 = {{DEN}}WEBSITE=WWW.STATISTIKBANKEN.DK, | region16 = {{NED}}| pop16 = 1,482Official CBS website containing all Dutch demographic statistics. Cbs.nl. Retrieved on 4 July 2017.| region17 = {{POL}}| pop17 = 1,000Estonian language>Estonianalso Võro language and Seto language>SetoReligion in Estonia>irreligious Historically Protestant Christian (Lutheranism)IVKOVIć>FIRST1= SANJA KUTNJAKFIRST2= M.R.DATE= 10 JUNE 2015LANGUAGE=EN PAGE= 131FIRST= RINGOURL=HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/COMMENTISFREE/BELIEF/2011/SEP/16/ESTONIA-LEAST-RELIGIOUS-COUNTRY-WORLDTHE GUARDIAN>QUOTE= FOR THIS SITUATION THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS, STARTING FROM THE DISTANT PAST (THE CLOSE CONNECTION OF THE CHURCHES WITH THE SWEDISH OR GERMAN RULING CLASSES) UP TO THE SOVIET-PERIOD ATHEIST POLICY WHEN THE CHAIN OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS WAS BROKEN IN MOST FAMILIES. IN ESTONIA, RELIGION HAS NEVER PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE ON THE POLITICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL BATTLEFIELD. THE INSTITUTIONAL RELIGIOUS LIFE WAS DOMINATED BY FOREIGNERS UNTIL THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY. THE TENDENCIES THAT PREVAILED IN THE LATE 1930S FOR CLOSER RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND LUTHERAN CHURCH [...] ENDED WITH THE SOVIET OCCUPATION IN 1940., {{smallLutheranism>Lutheran and regional Eastern Orthodox Church (Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church>Estonian Apostolic Orthodox) minority}}| related = Other Baltic FinnsEspecially Livonians, Setos, Võros, and Votians}}Estonians or Estonian people () are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group who speak the Estonian language. Their nation state is Estonia.The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other Finnic languages, e.g. Finnish, Karelian and Livonian. The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger Uralic family of languages, which also includes e.g. the Sami languages. These languages are markedly different from most other native languages spoken in Europe, most of which have been assigned to the Indo-European family of languages. Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros, Setos), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century.There are approximately 1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the vast majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland, the United States, Sweden, Canada, the United Kingdom and other European Union member states.

History

Prehistoric roots

Estonia was first inhabited about 10,000 years ago, soon after the ice from the Baltic Ice Lake had melted. Living in the same area for more than 5,000 years would put the ancestors of Estonians among the oldest permanent inhabitants in Europe.Unrepresented Nations and peoples organization By Mary Kate Simmons; p141 {{ISBN|978-90-411-0223-2}} On the other hand, some recent linguistic estimations suggest that Finno-Ugric language speakers arrived around the Baltic Sea considerably later, perhaps during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BCE).Petri Kallio 2006: Suomalais-ugrilaisen kantakielen absoluuttisesta kronologiasta. — Virittäjä 2006. (With English summary).WEB, Häkkinen, Jaakko, 2009, Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa. – Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja, 92,weblink It has also been argued that Western Uralic tribes reached Fennoscandia first, leading into the development of Sami people, and arrived to the Baltic region later during the Bronze Age or its transition to Iron Age at the latest, which lead into the formation of Baltic Finnic population who would later become such groups as Estonians and Finns.Lang, Valter: Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria, pp. 335–336. Finnish Literature Society, 2020. {{ISBN|978-951-858-130-0}}The oldest known endonym of the Estonians is ,JOURNAL, Ariste, Paul, 1956, Maakeel ja eesti keel. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised 5: 117–24; Beyer, Jürgen (2007). Ist maarahvas ('Landvolk'), die alte Selbstbezeichnung der Esten, eine Lehnübersetzung? Eine Studie zur Begriffsgeschichte des Ostseeraums, Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, 56, 566–593, literally meaning "land people" or "country folk". It was used until the mid-19th century, when it was gradually replaced by Eesti rahvas "Estonian people" during the Estonian national awakening.JOURNAL, Beyer, Jürgen, Are Folklorists Studying the Tales of the Folk?, Folklore, April 2011, 122, 1, 35–54, 10.1080/0015587X.2011.537132, 144633422, JOURNAL, Paatsi, Vello, "Terre, armas eesti rahwas!": Kuidas maarahvast ja maakeelest sai eesti rahvas, eestlased ja eesti keel, Akadeemia, 2012, 24, 2, 20–21,weblink 0235-7771, et, 21 January 2020, Eesti, the modern endonym of Estonia, is thought to have similar origins to Aestii, the name used by the ancient Germanic tribes for the neighbouring people living northeast of the mouth of the river Vistula. The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 CE was the first to mention the "Aestii" people in writing. In Old Norse the land south of the Gulf of Finland was called Eistland and the people eistr. The first known book in the Estonian language was printed in 1525, while the oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th-century chronicles.

National consciousness

{{multiple image |direction=vertical |align=left |width=220|image1=Eesti rahvarõivad-EE 1.jpg|image2=Eesti rahvarõivad-EE 2.jpg		national costumes, from top, left to right: Kadrina Parish>Kadrina, Koonga Parish, Setos>Seto, Karksi, Muhu, Saaremaa>Karja, Tõstamaa Parish, Halinga Parish>Pärnu-Jaagupi}}Although Estonian national consciousness spread in the course of the 19th century during the Estonian national awakening,JOURNAL, Gellner, Ernest, 1996, Do nations have navels?, Nations and Nationalism (journal), Nations and Nationalism, 2, 3, 365–70, 10.1111/j.1469-8219.1996.tb00003.x, some degree of ethnic awareness preceded this development.JOURNAL, Raun, Toivo U, 2003, Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Estonian nationalism revisited, Nations and Nationalism (journal), Nations and Nationalism, 9, 1, 129–147, 10.1111/1469-8219.00078, By the 18th century the self-denomination spread among Estonians along with the older . Anton thor Helle's translation of the Bible into Estonian appeared in 1739, and the number of books and brochures published in Estonian increased from 18 in the 1750s to 54 in the 1790s. By the end of the century more than a half of adult peasants could read. The first university-educated intellectuals identifying themselves as Estonians, including Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), Kristjan Jaak Peterson (1801–1822) and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882), appeared in the 1820s. The ruling elites had remained predominantly German in language and culture since the conquest of the early 13th century. Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850), a Baltic-German Estophile, became the first author to treat the Estonians as a nationality equal to others; he became a source of inspiration for the Estonian national movement, modelled on Baltic German cultural world before the middle of the 19th century. However, in the middle of the century, the Estonians became more ambitious and started leaning toward the Finns as a successful model of national movement and, to some extent, toward the neighbouring Latvian national movement. By the end of 1860 the Estonians became unwilling to reconcile with German cultural and political hegemony. Before the attempts at Russification in the 1880s, their view of Imperial Russia remained positive.Estonians have strong ties to the Nordic countries stemming from important cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during Scandinavian and German rule and settlement.Piirimäe, Helmut. Historical heritage: the relations between Estonia and her Nordic neighbors. In M. Lauristin et al. (eds.), Return to the Western world: Cultural and political perspectives on the Estonian post-communist transition. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 1997. According to a poll done in 2013, about half of the young Estonians considered themselves Nordic, and about the same number viewed Baltic identity as important. The Nordic identity among Estonians can ovelap with other identities, as it is associated with being Finno-Ugric and their close relationship with the Finnish people and does not exclude being Baltic.WEB, 2021-12-28, How Nordic is Estonia?: An overview since 1991,weblink 2023-10-12, nordics.info, en, In Estonian foreign ministry reports from the early 2000s Nordic identity was preferred over Baltic one.Estonian foreign ministry report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013626weblink |date=25 March 2009 }}, 2004 Estonian foreign ministry report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307050758weblink |date=7 March 2008 }}, 2002After the Treaty of Tartu (1920) recognised Estonia's 1918 independence from Russia, ethnic Estonians residing in Russia gained the option of opting for Estonian citizenship (those who opted were called optandid – 'optants') and returning to their fatherland. An estimated 40,000 Estonians lived in Russia in 1920. In sum, 37,578 people moved from Soviet Russia to Estonia (1920–1923).WEB
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Emigration

After the occupation of Estonian lands by Tsarist Russia, some Estonians either were deported or moved to various places within the Russian Empire, including the annexed lands of other nations. According to the 1897 census, 6,852 native Estonian-speakers lived in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, now divided between Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, Ukraine with small portions in Moldova and Russia, of which over 4,360 lived in territories of today's Poland.WEB,weblink Привислинские губернии, Demoscope Weekly, 9 January 2024, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XI, 1904, ru, 104, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., V, 1903, ru, 78, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XXIII, 1903, ru, 98, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XIX, 1905, ru, 80, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XVII, 1903, ru, 82, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XXII, 1904, ru, 82, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., VIII, 1904, ru, 88, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XXXII, 1904, ru, 100, BOOK, Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г., XVI, 1903, ru, 90, At that time, 4,281 native Estonian-speakers lived in the Caucasus region in territories of modern-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and southern Russia,WEB,weblink Кавказ, Demoscope Weekly, 9 January 2024, 4,202 lived in Siberia,WEB,weblink Сибирь, Demoscope Weekly, 9 January 2024, and 440 lived in Central Asia in territories of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.WEB,weblink Средняя Азия, Demoscope Weekly, 9 January 2024, Within reborn Poland in the interwar period, the largest Estonian populations of 31 and 19, were based in Warsaw and Łódź, respectively, with few in other locations, according to the 1921 Polish census.BOOK, Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, I, 1925, pl, Warszawa, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, 4, BOOK, Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, II, 1925, pl, Warszawa, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, 61, During World War II, when Estonia was invaded by the Soviet Army in 1944, large numbers of Estonians fled their homeland on ships or smaller boats over the Baltic Sea. Many refugees who survived the risky sea voyage to Sweden or Germany later moved from there to Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States or Australia.Past, Evald, By Land and By Sea, Booklocker, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9867510-0-4}} Some of these refugees and their descendants returned to Estonia after the nation regained its independence in 1991.Over the years of independence, increasing numbers of Estonians have chosen to work abroad, primarily in Finland, but also in other European countries (mostly in the UK, Benelux, Sweden, and Germany), making Estonia the country with the highest emigration rate in Europe.WEB,weblink The CIA World Factbook Country Comparison of net migration rate, cia.gov, 8 November 2011, 26 December 2018,weblink dead, This is at least partly due to the easy access to oscillating migration to Finland.Recognising the problems arising from both low birth rate and high emigration, the country has launched various measures both to increase the birth rate and to lure migrant Estonians back to Estonia. Former president Toomas Hendrik Ilves has lent his support to the campaign Talendid koju! ("Bringing talents home!")WEB,weblink Toome talendid Eestimaale tagasi – Talendid Koju!, talendidkoju.ee, 8 November 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171220214705weblink">weblink 20 December 2017, dead, which aims to coordinate and promote the return of Estonians who have particular skills needed in Estonia.

Estonians in Canada

One of the largest permanent Estonian communities outside Estonia is in Canada, with about 24,000 people (according to some sources up to 50,000 people).WEB,weblink Estonian Embassy in Ottawa, 17 March 2015, 5 July 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150705032311weblink">weblink dead, In the late 1940s and early 1950s, about 17,000 arrived in Canada, initially in Montreal.WEB,weblink The Estonian Presence in Toronto, 17 March 2015, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120312043108weblink">weblink 12 March 2012, dmy-all, Toronto is currently the city with the largest population of Estonians outside of Estonia. The first Estonian World Festival was held in Toronto in 1972. Some notable Estonian Canadians are Endel Tulving, Elmar Tampõld, Alison Pill, Uno Prii, Kalle Lasn, and Andreas Vaikla.

Genetics

Haplogroups

Y-chromosome haplogroups among Estonians include N1c (35.7%),Lang, Valter: Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria, pp. 93–95. Finnish Literature Society, 2020. {{ISBN|978-951-858-130-0}}. R1a (33.5%)JOURNAL, Tambets, Kristiina, Rootsi, Siiri, Kivisild, Toomas, Help, Hela, Serk, Piia, Loogväli, Eva-Liis, Tolk, Helle-Viivi, Reidla, Maere, Metspalu, Ene, Pliss, Liana, Balanovsky, Oleg, Pshenichnov, Andrey, Balanovska, Elena, Gubina, Marina, Zhadanov, Sergey, 2004, The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes, The American Journal of Human Genetics, en, 74, 4, 661–682, 10.1086/383203, 1181943, 15024688, and I1 (15%). R1a, common in Eastern Europe,WEB, Haplogroup R1a,weblink 2023-10-12, Eupedia, en, was the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among the pre-Uralic inhabitants of Estonia, as it is the only one found in the local samples from the time of the Corded Ware culture and Bronze Age. Appearance of N1c is linked to the arrival of Uralic-speakers.JOURNAL, Saag, Lehti, Laneman, Margot, Varul, Liivi, Malve, Martin, Valk, Heiki, Razzak, Maria A., Shirobokov, Ivan G., Khartanovich, Valeri I., Mikhaylova, Elena R., Kushniarevich, Alena, Scheib, Christiana Lyn, Solnik, Anu, Reisberg, Tuuli, Parik, Jüri, Saag, Lauri, May 2019, The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East, Current Biology, 29, 10, 1701–1711.e16, 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026, 6544527, 31080083, Metspalu, Ene, Rootsi, Siiri, Montinaro, Francesco, Remm, Maido, Mägi, Reedik, D’Atanasio, Eugenia, Crema, Enrico Ryunosuke, Díez-del-Molino, David, Thomas, Mark G., Kriiska, Aivar, Kivisild, Toomas, Villems, Richard, Lang, Valter, Metspalu, Mait, Tambets, Kristiina, It originated in East EurasiaJOURNAL, Tambets, Kristiina, Yunusbayev, Bayazit, Hudjashov, Georgi, Ilumäe, Anne-Mai, Rootsi, Siiri, Honkola, Terhi, Vesakoski, Outi, Atkinson, Quentin, Skoglund, Pontus, Kushniarevich, Alena, Litvinov, Sergey, Reidla, Maere, Metspalu, Ene, Saag, Lehti, Rantanen, Timo, 2018, Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations, Genome Biology, en, 19, 1, 139, 10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1, 1474-760X, 6151024, 30241495, free, and is commonly carried by modern Uralic-speaking groups but also other North Eurasians, including Estonians' Baltic-speaking neighbors Latvians and Lithuanians. Compared to the Balts, Estonians have been noticed to have differences in allelic variances of N1c haplotypes, showing more similarity with other Finno-Ugric-speakers.JOURNAL, Krūmiņa, Astrīda, Pliss, Liāna, Zariņa, Gunita, Puzuka, Agrita, Zariņa, Agnese, Lāce, Baiba, Elferts, Didzis, Khrunin, Andrey, Limborska, Svetlana, Kloviņš, Jānis, Gailīte Piekuse, Linda, 2018-06-01, Population Genetics of Latvians in the Context of Admixture between North-Eastern European Ethnic Groups,weblink Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences., en, 72, 3, 131–151, 10.2478/prolas-2018-0025, 1407-009X, free, Lappalainen, Tuuli: Human genetic variation in the Baltic Sea region: features of population history and natural selection. PhD thesis. Helsinki University Print, Helsinki. 2009.weblink looking at maternal lineages, nearly half (45.8%) of the Estonians have the haplogroup H . About one in four (24.3%) carry the haplogroup U, and the majority of them belong to its subclade U5.WEB, Distribution of European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups by region in percentage,weblink 2023-10-13, Eupedia, en,

Autosomal DNA

(File:Figure 2a (Cropped) PCA of Europeans.jpg|thumb|A PCA of several European populations.JOURNAL, Stamatoyannopoulos, George, Bose, Aritra, Teodosiadis, Athanasios, Tsetsos, Fotis, Plantinga, Anna, Psatha, Nikoletta, Zogas, Nikos, Yannaki, Evangelia, Zalloua, Pierre, Kidd, Kenneth K., Browning, Brian L., Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Paschou, Peristera, Drineas, Petros, 2017, Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks,weblink European Journal of Human Genetics, en, 25, 5, 637–645, 10.1038/ejhg.2017.18, 1476-5438, 5437898, 28272534, )(File:PCA of 2305 Estonian samples.webp|thumb|Regional population structure of Estonians.JOURNAL, Pankratov, Vasili, Montinaro, Francesco, Kushniarevich, Alena, Hudjashov, Georgi, Jay, Flora, Saag, Lauri, Flores, Rodrigo, Marnetto, Davide, Seppel, Marten, Kals, Mart, Võsa, Urmo, Taccioli, Cristian, Möls, Märt, Milani, Lili, Aasa, Anto, 2020, Differences in local population history at the finest level: the case of the Estonian population,weblink European Journal of Human Genetics, en, 28, 11, 1580–1591, 10.1038/s41431-020-0699-4, 1476-5438, 7575549, 32712624, )Autosomally Estonians are close with Latvians and Lithuanians.Lang, Valter: Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria, pp. 93–95. Finnish Literature Society, 2020. {{ISBN|978-951-858-130-0}}JOURNAL, Tambets, Kristiina, Yunusbayev, Bayazit, Hudjashov, Georgi, Ilumäe, Anne-Mai, Rootsi, Siiri, Honkola, Terhi, Vesakoski, Outi, Atkinson, Quentin, Skoglund, Pontus, Kushniarevich, Alena, Litvinov, Sergey, Reidla, Maere, Metspalu, Ene, Saag, Lehti, Rantanen, Timo, 2018, Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations, Genome Biology, en, 19, 1, 139, 10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1, 1474-760X, 6151024, 30241495, free, However, they are shifted towards the Finns, who are isolated from most European populations.JOURNAL, Nelis, Mari, Esko, Tõnu, Mägi, Reedik, Zimprich, Fritz, Zimprich, Alexander, Toncheva, Draga, Karachanak, Sena, Piskáčková, Tereza, Balaščák, Ivan, Peltonen, Leena, Jakkula, Eveliina, Rehnström, Karola, Lathrop, Mark, Heath, Simon, Galan, Pilar, 2009-05-08, Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East, PLOS ONE, 4, 5, e5472, 2009PLoSO...4.5472N, 10.1371/journal.pone.0005472, 1932-6203, 2675054, 19424496, free, JOURNAL, Kushniarevich, Alena, Utevska, Olga, Chuhryaeva, Marina, Agdzhoyan, Anastasia, Dibirova, Khadizhat, Uktveryte, Ingrida, Möls, Märt, Mulahasanovic, Lejla, Pshenichnov, Andrey, Frolova, Svetlana, Shanko, Andrey, Metspalu, Ene, Reidla, Maere, Tambets, Kristiina, Tamm, Erika, 2015-09-02, Calafell, Francesc, Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data, PLOS ONE, en, 10, 9, e0135820, 2015PLoSO..1035820K, 10.1371/journal.pone.0135820, 1932-6203, 4558026, 26332464, free, JOURNAL, Khrunin, Andrey V., Khokhrin, Denis V., Filippova, Irina N., Esko, Tõnu, Nelis, Mari, Bebyakova, Natalia A., Bolotova, Natalia L., Klovins, Janis, Nikitina-Zake, Liene, Rehnström, Karola, Ripatti, Samuli, Schreiber, Stefan, Franke, Andre, Macek, Milan, Krulišová, Veronika, 2013-03-07, A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe, PLOS ONE, 8, 3, e58552, 2013PLoSO...858552K, 10.1371/journal.pone.0058552, 1932-6203, 3591355, 23505534, free, Northeastern Estonians are particularly close to Finns, while Southeastern Estonians are close to the Balts; other Estonians plot between these two extremes.Estonians have high steppe-like admixture, and less farmer-related and more hunter-gatherer-related admixture than Western and Central Europeans. The same pattern is found also in the Balts, Finns and Mordvins, for example.JOURNAL, Salmela, Elina, 2023, Mistä suomalaisten perimä on peräisin?,weblink Duodecim, 139, 16, 1247–1255, 0012-7183, Uralic peoples typically carry a Siberian-related component, which is also present in Estonians and makes up about 5 percent of their ancestry on average. Although they have a smaller share of it than other Uralic-speakers except Hungarians, it is one factor that distinguishes them from the Balts. Estonians can also be modelled to have considerably more Finnish-like ancestry than Baltic-speakers.Estonians have a high sharing of IBD (identity-by-descent) segments with other studied Balto-Finnic groups (Finns, Karelians and Vepsians) and the Sami people, as well as with the Polish people.

See also

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • JOURNAL, Petersoo, Pille, January 2007, Reconsidering otherness: constructing Estonian identity
Nations and Nationalism (journal)>Nations and Nationalism, 13, 1, 117–133, 10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00276.x,

External links

{{Commons category|People of Estonia}} {{European diasporas}}{{EstonianDiaspora}}{{Ethnic groups in Estonia}}{{Estonia topics}}{{Uralic peoples}}{{Authority control}}


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