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Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend
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Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend
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Early life
Townshend was the eldest son of Sir Horatio Townshend, 3rd Baronet, who was created Baron Townshend in 1661 and Viscount Townshend in 1682. The old Norfolk family of Townshend, to which he belonged, is descended from Sir Roger Townshend (d. 1493) of Raynham, who acted as legal advisor to the Paston family, and was made a justice of the common pleas in 1484. His descendant, another Sir Roger Townshend (c. 1543â1590), had a son Sir John Townshend (1564â1603), a soldier, whose son, Sir Roger Townshend (1588â 1637), was created a baronet in 1617. He was the father of Sir Horatio Townshend.Born at Raynham Hall, Norfolk, Townshend succeeded to the peerages in December 1687, and was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.{{acad|id=TWNT691C|name=Townshend, Charles}} He had Tory sympathies when he took his seat in the House of Lords, but his views changed, and he began to take an active part in politics as a Whig. For a few years after the accession of Queen Anne he remained without office, but in November 1708 he was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, having in the previous year been summoned to the Privy Council. He was ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the States-General from 1709 to 1711, taking part during these years in the negotiations which preceded the conclusion of the Treaty of Utrecht.He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April 1706.WEB,weblink Library and Archive Catalogue, Royal Society, 29 October 2010, {{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}Secretary of State and other posts
{{Further|Timeline of British diplomatic history#1700â1789}}File:Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg|thumb|Charles Viscount Townshend, studio of Kneller. National Portrait Gallery NPG 1363. Probably painted soon after Townshend entered the House of Lords in 1697, but he does not wear his official robes. This is typical of the Kit-Cat ClubKit-Cat ClubAfter his recall to England, he was busily occupied in attacking the proceedings of the new Tory ministry. Townshend quickly won the favour of George I, and in September 1714, the new king selected him as Secretary of State for the Northern Department. The policy of Townshend and his colleagues, after they had crushed the Jacobite rising of 1715, both at home and abroad, was one of peace. The secretary disliked the interference of Britain in the war between Sweden and Denmark, and he promoted the conclusion of defensive alliances between Britain and the emperor and Britain and France.In spite of these successes, the influence of the Whigs was gradually undermined by the intrigues of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, and by the discontent of the Hanoverian favourites. In October 1716, Townshend's colleague, James Stanhope afterwards 1st Earl Stanhope, accompanied the king on his visit to Hanover, and while there he was seduced from his allegiance to his fellow ministers by Sunderland, George being led to believe that Townshend and his brother-in-law, Sir Robert Walpole, were caballing with the Prince of Wales, their intention being that the prince should supplant his father on the throne. Consequently, in December 1716 the secretary was dismissed and was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but he only retained this post until the following April. When he was dismissed for voting against the government, he was joined by his brother-in-law Robert Walpole and other Whig Allies. This began the Whig Split which would divide the dominant party until 1720, with the opposition Whigs joining with the Tories to defeat Stanhope's government over several issues including the Peerage Bill of 1719.Early in 1720 a partial reconciliation took place between the parties of Stanhope and Townshend, and in June of this year the latter became Lord President of the Council, a post which he held until February 1721, when, after the death of Stanhope and the forced retirement of Sunderland, a result of the South Sea Bubble, he was again appointed secretary of state for the northern department, with Walpole as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. The two remained in power during the remainder of the reign of George I the chief domestic events of the time being the impeachment of Bishop Atterbury, the pardon and partial restoration of Lord Bolingbroke, and the troubles in Ireland caused by the patent permitting Wood to coin halfpence. During his time as secretary of state relations between Britain and the longstanding Dutch allies improved. The British had concluded a separate peace with France made by Britain's Tory government in 1711-12 during the War of the Spanish Succession, which was seen as a betrayal by their Dutch allies. The Dutch States General had also disliked William Cadogan's bullying style of diplomacy, which was meant to coerce the Republic into the Quadruple Alliance of 1718. Townshend had previously been an ambassador to Holland, and was by some described as one whose 'predominant passion was love of the Dutch'.{{Sfn|Dunthorne|2015}} Townshend secured the dismissal of his rival, Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville, but soon differences arose between himself and Walpole, and he had some difficulty in steering a course through the troubled sea of European politics. Although disliking him, George II retained him in office, but the predominance in the ministry passed gradually but surely from him to Walpole. Townshend could not brook this. So long, to use Walpole's witty remark, as the firm was Townshend and Walpole all went well with it, but when the positions were reversed jealousies arose between the partners. Serious differences of opinion concerning the policy to be adopted towards Austria and in foreign politics generally led to a final rupture in 1730. Failing, owing to Walpole's interference, in his efforts to procure the dismissal of a colleague and his replacement by a personal friend, Townshend retired on 15 May 1730. His departure removed the final obstacle to the conclusion of an Anglo-Austrian Alliance which would become the centrepiece of British foreign policy until 1756.According to historians Linda Frey and Marsha Frey:
Townshend was undoubtedly capable, determined, and hard-working, but in achieving his goals he sometimes appeared blunt, abrasive, stubborn, impatient, and overbearing. In contrast to many of his contemporaries whose venality was legendary he was scrupulously honest. He was generous to both friend and foe. He was also a passionate man who loved and hated quickly and rarely changed his mind once an opinion had been formed....Historians have often underrated Townshend's accomplishments in part because his rival Walpole outmanoeuvred and outlasted him.Linda Frey and Marsha Frey. "Townshend, Charles, second Viscount Townshend (1674â1738)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
"Turnip" Townshend
His remaining years were passed at Raynham, where he interested himself in agriculture. He promoted the adoption of the Norfolk four-course system, involving the rotation of turnips, barley, clover, and wheat crops. He was an enthusiastic advocate of growing turnips as a field crop for livestock feed.Prothero, R. E. (Lord Ernle). (Sir A. D. Hall, ed.) 1936. English farming, past and present. 5th Ed. As a result of his promotion of turnip-growing and his agricultural experiments at Raynham, he became known as "Turnip Townshend". (Alexander Pope mentions "Townshend's turnips" in Imitations of Horace, Epistle II.) Townshend is often mentioned, together with Jethro Tull, Robert Bakewell, and others, as a major figure in England's "Agricultural Revolution", contributing to the adoption of agricultural practices that led to the increase in Britain's population between 1700 and 1850.Overton, M. 1996. The Agricultural revolution in England, the transformation of the agrarian economy 1500â1850, Cambridge University Press.He died at Raynham on 21 June 1738.Family
File:Elizabeth Pelham (1681-1711), first wife of Charles, 2nd Viscount Townshend, by Godfrey Kneller.jpg|thumb|140px|Elizabeth Pelham, first wife of Charles, painted by Godfrey KnellerGodfrey KnellerFile:Lady Dorothy Walpole.jpg|thumb|140px|Dorothy Walpole, second wife of Charles, by Charles JervasCharles JervasTownshend was twice marriedâfirst to the Hon. Elizabeth Pelham (1681â1711),London, England, Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812 daughter of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham of Laughton and his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Jones of Ramsbury Manor, Attorney General for England and Wales.Children with the Hon. Elizabeth Pelham:- Hon. Elizabeth Townshend (d. 1 December 1785) married Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis on 28 November 1722. They were the parents of General Cornwallis, who commanded the British forces in the American Revolution.
- Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend of Raynham b. 11 July 1700, d. 12 March 1764
- Hon. Thomas Townshend b. 2 June 1701, d. 21 May 1780
- Hon. William Townshend b. 1702, d. 29 January 1738
- Hon. Roger Townshend b. 5 June 1708, d. 7 August 1760
- Hon. George Townshend b.1715 d. Aug 1769
- Hon. Augustus Townshend b. 1716 d. 1746.
- Hon. Horatio Townshend b. 1718 d. 1764
- Very Rev. The Hon. Edward Townshend b. 25 October 1719, d. 27 January 1765,{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Dean of Norwich (1761â1765), Canon of Westminster (1749â1761)Atherton, Ian (ed.) Norwich Cathedral: Church, City, and Diocese, 1096â1996 p. 584 (Accessed 3 April 2013)
- Hon. Richard Townshend b. 1721 d. at a young age.
- Hon. Dorothy Townshend b.1722 d.1779.
- Hon. Mary Townshend married Lieutenant General Edward Cornwallis (5 Mar 1724{{snd}}14 Jan 1776), son of Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis of Eye and Lady Charlotte Butler, in 1763 {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
See also
- (Kingdom of Great BritainGeorge I: 1714â1727)
References
{{Reflist|refs={{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Townshend, Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount |volume=27 |page=112}} This cites:- W. Coxe, Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole (1816)
- W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the 18th Century (1892)
- Earl Stanhope, History of England
Further reading
- Black, Jeremy. "Fresh Light on the Fall of Townshend." Historical Journal 29.1 (1986): 41â64.
- Black, Jeremy. "Additional Light on the Fall of Townshend." Yale University Library Gazette 633 (1989), pp. 132â136 online
- Black, Jeremy. British foreign policy in the age of Walpole (1985).
- Cruickshanks, Eveline. "The Political Management of Sir Robert Walpole, 1720â42." in Jeremy Black, ed., Britain in the Age of Walpole Macmillan Education UK, 1984. 23â43.
- Frey, Linda, and Marsha Frey. "Townshend, Charles, second Viscount Townshend (1674â1738)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 accessed 23 Sept 2017 a scholarly biography
- Plumb, John Harold. Sir Robert Walpole: The King's Minister Vol. 2. Cresset Press, 1960.
- Williams, Basil. The Whig Supremacy 1714â1760 (1939) online edition; summarizes the following in-depth articles; they are online free:
- Williams, Basil. "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole" The English Historical Review 1558 (Apr. 1900), pp. 251â276 in JSTOR
- "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" English Historical Review 1559 (July 1900), pp. 479â494 in JSTOR
- "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" English Historical Review 5960 (Oct. 1900), pp. 665â698 in JSTOR
- "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole" English Historical Review 1661 (Jan. 1901), pp. 67â83 in JSTOR
- "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" English Historical Review 1662 (Apr. 1901), pp. 308â327 in JSTOR
- "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" English Historical Review 1653 (July 1901), pp. 439â451 in JSTOR
Sources
- DNB, Townshend, Charles (1674-1738), Townshend, Charles (1674â1738), 57, James McMullen, Rigg,
- ODNB, Linda, Frey, Townshend, Charles, second Viscount Townshend (1674â1738), 27617,
- BOOK, Dunthorne, Hugh, Flanders and Holland in the Eighteenth Century, 2015,weblink
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