GetWiki
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{Short description|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834}}{{redirect|The Earl Grey|other holders of the title|Earl Grey}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
---|---|
| image= Grey2.jpg
| caption = Portrait by Thomas Phillips, {{circa}} 1820
| order =Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
| term_start =22 November 1830
| term_end =9 July 1834
| monarch =William IV
| predecessor =The Duke of Wellington
| successor =The Viscount Melbourne
| order1 =Leader of the House of Lords
| term_start1 =22 November 1830
| term_end1 =9 July 1834
| predecessor1 =The Duke of Wellington
| successor1 =The Viscount Melbourne
| term_start1 =22 November 1830
| term_end1 =9 July 1834
| predecessor1 =The Duke of Wellington
| successor1 =The Viscount Melbourne
| order2 =Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
| term_start2 =24 September 1806
| term_end2 =25 March 1807
| predecessor2 =Charles James Fox
| successor2 =George Canning
| term_start2 =24 September 1806
| term_end2 =25 March 1807
| predecessor2 =Charles James Fox
| successor2 =George Canning
| order3 =Leader of the House of Commons
| term_start3 =24 September 1806
| term_end3 =31 March 1807
| predecessor3 =Charles James Fox
| successor3 =Spencer Perceval
| term_start3 =24 September 1806
| term_end3 =31 March 1807
| predecessor3 =Charles James Fox
| successor3 =Spencer Perceval
| order4 =First Lord of the Admiralty
| term_start4 =11 February 1806
| term_end4 =24 September 1806
| predecessor4 =The Lord Barham
| successor4 =Thomas Grenville| office12 =Member of the House of Lords| status12 =Lord Temporal| term_label12 =Hereditary peerage| term_start12 =15 November 1807| term_end12 =17 July 1845
| term_start4 =11 February 1806
| term_end4 =24 September 1806
| predecessor4 =The Lord Barham
| successor4 =Thomas Grenville| office12 =Member of the House of Lords| status12 =Lord Temporal| term_label12 =Hereditary peerage| term_start12 =15 November 1807| term_end12 =17 July 1845
Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey>The 1st Earl Grey | Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey>The 3rd Earl Grey | Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)>Member of Parliament for Northumberland|term_start13 = 14 September 1786|term_end13 = 14 November 1807|parliament13 = |majority13 = | Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley>Lord Algernon Percy | Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland>Earl Percy
| birth_date ={{birth date|1764|3|13|df=y}}
}}Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey {{postnominals|country=GBR|KG|PC}} (13 March 1764 â 17 July 1845), known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British Whig politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834. He was a descendant of the House of Grey and the namesake of Earl Grey tea.Kramer, Ione. All the Tea in China. China Books, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8351-2194-1}}. pp. 180â181. Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements. During his time as prime minister, his government brought about two notable reforms. The Reform Act 1832 enacted parliamentary reform, greatly increasing the electorate of the House of Commons. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 led to the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire via a programme of compensated emancipation. Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s. In 1807, he resigned as foreign secretary to protest against George III's uncompromising rejection of Catholic emancipation. Grey finally resigned as prime minister in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland, and retired from politics. Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers, believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress.BOOK, Paul Strangio, Paul 't Hart, James Walter, Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives,weblink Oxford University Press, 2013, 225, 9780199666423, | birth_place =Fallodon, Northumberland, England | death_date ={{death date and age|1845|7|17|1764|3|13|df=y}} | death_place =Howick, Northumberland, England | alma_mater =Trinity College, Cambridge | party =Whig | father = Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey | spouse = {{marriage|Mary Ponsonby|18 November 1794}} | children = 16, including Henry, Charles, Frederick, and Eliza Courtney (illegitimate) | relatives = House of Grey (family) | signature = Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey Signature.svg |signature_alt = Grey. Early life(File:Arms of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey.svg|left|thumb|187x187px|Shield of arms of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey)Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall, Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey KB (1729â1807) and his wife Elizabeth (1743/4â1822), a daughter of George Grey of Southwick, County Durham. He had four brothers and two sisters. He was educated at Richmond School,WEB,weblink Info, fretwell.kangaweb.com.au, followed by Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge,{{acad|id=GRY781C|name=Grey, Charles}} acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation.Early political careerForeign secretary, 1806â1807In 1806, Grey, by then Lord Howick owing to his father's elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey, became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents (a coalition of Foxite Whigs, Grenvillites, and Addingtonites) as First Lord of the Admiralty.Following Fox's death later that year, Howick took over both as foreign secretary and as leader of the Whigs. The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge, which Howick refused to do, that they would not "propose any further concessions to the Catholics".Smith 1996, p. 125Years in opposition, 1807â1830File:Charon's Boat.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A group of naked British Whig politicians, including three Grenvilles, Sheridan, St. Vincent, Moira, Temple, Erskine, Howick, Petty, Whitbread, Sheridan, Windham, and Tomline, Bishop of Lincoln, crossing the river Styx in a boat named the Broad Bottom Packet. Sidmouth's head emerges from the water next to the boat. The boat's torn sail has the inscription "Catholic Emancipation" and the centre mast is crowned with the Prince of Wales feathers and the motto "Ich Dien". On the far side the shades of Cromwell, Charles Fox and Robespierre wave to them. Overhead, on brooms, are the Three Fates; to the left is a three-headed dog. Above the boat three birds soil the boat and politicians.|In Charon's Boat (1807), James Gillray caricatured the fall of the Whig administration, with Howick taking the role of Charon rowing the boat.]]The government fell from power the next year, and, after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807, Howick went to the Lords, succeeding his father as Earl Grey. He continued in opposition for the next 23 years. There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government. In 1811, the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley. Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation.BOOK, Smith, E.A., Lord Grey 1764â1845, Alan Sutton Publishing Limited, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK, 1996, 198â199, 978-0750911276, Grey's relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress, Princess Charlotte, turned to him for advice on how to avoid her father's choice of husband for her.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 222â226On the Napoleonic Wars, Grey took the standard Whig party line. After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon, Grey became convinced of the French emperor's invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore, the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 169â171 Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moore's successor, the Duke of Wellington.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 172â174 When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814, Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons' authoritarian monarchy; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year, he said that the change was an internal French matter.Smith, 1996 pp 176â8In 1826, believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions, Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 240â241 The following year, when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as prime minister, it was, therefore, Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government, which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 241â242 When Wellington became prime minister in 1828, George IV (as the Prince Regent had become) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government.Smith, 1996 pp245-6Prime minister (1830â1834)Appointment{{further|Whig government, 1830â1834}}In 1830, following the death of George IV and the resignation of the Duke of Wellington on the question of Parliamentary reform, the Whigs finally returned to power, with Grey as prime minister. In 1831, he was made a member of the Order of the Garter. His term was a notable one, seeing the passage of the Reform Act 1832, which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons, and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. As the years had passed, however, Grey had become more conservative, and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms, particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Colonial policyGrey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia: in 1831 a "Proposal to His Majesty's Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia" was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger, Anthony Bacon, Jeremy Bentham and Grey, but its ideas were considered too radical, and it was unable to attract the required investment.WEB, SA Memory,weblink State Library of South Australia, Foundation of the Province, 5 February 2015, 19 November 2019, In the same year, Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration (which was wound up in 1832).JOURNAL, Emigration from the United Kingdom,weblink Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 1, 3, 156â157, July 1838, 10.2307/2337910, 2337910, JSTOR,Social policyIn 1831 two acts were introduced concerning Truck wages. The first repealed all existing enactments on the subject of truck "and the second provided that workmen in a number of the principal industries must receive payment in the current coin of the realm."Conservative social and industrial reform: A record of Conservative legislation between 1800 and 1974 by Charles E, Bellairs, P.10Catholic emancipation and retirementIt was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Grey's premiership in 1834. Lord Anglesey, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the tithes to the Roman Catholic Church and away from the established Church of Ireland, a policy known as "appropriation".Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 288â293 The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Stanley, however, preferred coercive measures.Smith (paperback) 1996, p. 301 The cabinet was divided, and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation, Stanley and others resigned.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 304â305 This triggered Grey to retire from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. Unlike most politicians, he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback.Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne, whom he, and especially his family, regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved. Grey became more critical as the decade went on, being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel O'Connell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot. He made no allowances for Melbourne's need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his shrinking majority in the Commons, and in particular, he resented any slight on his own great achievement, the Reform Act, which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future. He continually stressed its conservative nature. As he declared in his last great public speech, at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834, its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution, to make it more acceptable to the people at large, and especially the middle classes, who had been the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act, and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual, "according to the increased intelligence of the people, and the necessities of the times".Edinburgh Weekly Journal, 17 September 1834 It was the speech of a conservative statesman.E. A. Smith, 'Grey, Charles, second Earl Grey (1764â1845)â, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 13 February 2010.Lord Grey's ministry, November 1830 â July 1834File:Charles Grey - 2nd Earl Grey - atop the Grey Momument - Newcastle upon Tyne - England - 140804.jpg|thumb|upright|Lord Grey atop Grey's Monument, looking down Grey Street in Newcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon Tyne
Personal lifeFile:Lady-Caroline-Barrington-ne-Grey-Lady-Georgiana-Grey-Mary-Elizabeth-Grey-ne-Ponsonby-Countess-Grey (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mary Grey, Countess GreyMary Grey, Countess GreyBefore his marriage, Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House, and they became lovers. In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France, where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter, who was raised by Grey's parents:WEB, Hastings, Chris, Princess Diana and the Duchess of Devonshire: Striking similarities,weblinkweblink 12 January 2022, subscription, live, The Telegraph, 28 April 2021, {{cbignore}}WEB, Bolen, Cheryl, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, Cheryl Bolen,weblink 28 April 2021, JOURNAL, Bergman, Norman A, 1998, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and Princess Diana: a parallel, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, en, 91, 4, 217â219, 10.1177/014107689809100414, 0141-0768, 1296647, 9659313,
Marriage and legitimate childrenOn 18 November 1794, Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby (1776â1861), only daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Louisa Molesworth. The marriage was a fruitful one; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters:EB1911, Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl, 12, Payne, Edward John, Edward John Payne, 586–588; see page 588, third para, penultimate sentence, By his wife Mary Elizabeth, only daughter of the first Lord Ponsonby, whom he married on the 18th of November 1794, he became the father of ten sons and five daughters.,
Later years and deathFile:The Grave of Earl Grey - geograph.org.uk - 385392.jpg|thumb|Grave at Howick HallHowick HallGrey spent his last years in contented, if sometimes fretful, retirement at Howick with his books, his family, and his dogs. The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson, Charles, at the age of 13. Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845, forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick.GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1845 XXV 130 ALNWICK He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family, close friends, and the labourers on his estate.His biographer G. M. Trevelyan argues:{{blockquote|in our domestic history 1832 is the next great landmark after 1688 ... [It] saved the land from revolution and civil strife and made possible the quiet progress of the Victorian era.Peter Brett, "Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey" in BOOK, D. M. Loades, Reader's guide to British history,weblink 2003, 1:586, Fitzroy Dearborn, 9781579584269, }}LegacyFile:Cup of Earl Gray.jpg|thumb|upright|Earl Grey teaEarl Grey teaGrey is commemorated by Grey's Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} high column.{{NHLE|num=1329931|desc=Earl Grey Monument|access-date=25 August 2020}} The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statue's head was knocked off.NEWS,weblink How the statue on Grey's Monument was struck by lightning and lost its head, ChronicleLive, David Morton, 18 March 2015, The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro, located directly underneath.WEB,weblink the teams.co.uk, Tyne and Wear Metro : Stations : Monument, 25 August 2020, Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, which runs south-east from the monument, is also named after Grey.NEWS,weblink 18 things you probably never knew about Newcastle's magnificent Grey's Monument, ChronicleLive, David Morton, 6 September 2017, Durham University's Grey College is named after Grey, who as prime minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university.MAGAZINE, Durham First, Spring 2009, 29, The Legacy of Earl Grey, Sarah Chamberlain and Martyn Chamberlain,weblink Earl Grey tea, a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew, is commonly believed to be named after Grey, although the term was apparently first used decades after his death.WEB,weblink Early Grey: The results of the OED Appeal on Earl Grey tea, 3 April 2013,References{{Reflist}}Further reading
Other sources
External links{{EB1911 Poster|Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl}}
|
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 12:35am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
- "Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 12:35am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED