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{{Short description|1780s political movement in the U.S.}}{{for|the faction opposed to the policies of Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton|Anti-Administration party}}

factoids

Anti-Federalism was a late-18th-century political movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. Though the Constitution was ratified and supplanted the Articles of Confederation, Anti-Federalist influence helped lead to the passage of the Bill of Rights.

Nomenclature

The name “Anti-Federalists” is a misnomer. It was imposed upon the movement by their opponents, the Federalists, and was supposed to mark them as men who “stood against the very political ideas they embraced”.BOOK, Berkin, Carol,books.google.com/books?id=dBqPVWAD51cC&pg=PA175, A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution, 2003, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 978-0-15-602872-1, 175, en, According to historian Carol Berkin:{{Blockquote|text=Perhaps the nationalists’ most brilliant tactic in the battle of ideas ahead of them, however, was their decision to call themselves “Federalists” and their cause, “Federalism.” The men behind the Constitution were not, of course, federalists at all. They were advocates of a strong national government whose authority diminished the independence of the states. [...] By co-opting the name “Federalists,” the pro-Constitution forces deprived their opponents of the ability to signal clearly and immediately what they stood for.}}

Main beliefs

{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}The Anti-Federalists were against the ratification of the Constitution for many reasons. The Anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution, as drafted, would lead to a loss of individual liberties, an erosion of state sovereignty, and the potential for the rise of tyranny. They advocated for a more decentralized form of government with greater protections for individual rights and stronger representation for the states. Principally, they were afraid that the national government would be too robust and would, thus, threaten states and individual rights. WEB, Anti-Federalists,firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/anti-federalists/, 2024-04-24, The Free Speech Center, en-US, In the broad Antifederalist sense, they held that states should be significantly autonomous and independent in their authority, applying the right to self-administration in all significant internal matters without the unwanted interjections of the federal government. The Anti-Federalists debated with their Federalist colleagues, including Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, on the functional model and competencies of the planned federal government. The Anti-Federalists believed that almost all the executive power should be left to the country’s authorities, while the Federalists wanted centralized national governments.They also believed that a large central government would not serve the interests of small towns and rural areas, as opposed to the urban interests that most Federalist delegates aligned with. Generally, Anti-federalists were more likely to be small farmers than lawyers and merchants and came from rural areas rather than the urban areas many federalists represented.WEB, Infographic: Differences between Federalists and Antifederalists {{!, Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teacher-resources/infographic-differences-between-federalists-and-antifederalists |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.gilderlehrman.org}} In their journey to protect the interests of rural areas and farmers, the Anti-Federalists believed:

• They believed the Constitution, as written, would be oppressiveWEB, Federalist vs Anti Federalist: Views & Beliefs,www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/politics/foundations-of-american-democracy/federalist-vs-anti-federalist/, 2024-04-25, Vaia, en-US,
• They believed the Constitution needed a Bill of Rights.BOOK, Cornell, Saul,www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807839218_cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828, 1999, University of North Carolina Press, 978-0-8078-4786-2, 28, 10.5149/9780807839218_cornell, {{rp|31}}
• They believed the Constitution created a presidency so powerful that it would become a monarchy.{{rp|31}}
• They believed the Constitution provided insufficient rights in the courts (e.g., no guarantee of juries in civil cases, nor that criminal case juries be local) and would create an out-of-control judiciary.WEB, The Debate Over the Judicial Branch,csac.history.wisc.edu/document-collections/constitutional-debates/judiciary/, April 5, 2024, Center for the Study of the American Constitution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, en-US,
• They believed that the national government would be too far away from the people and thus unresponsive to the needs of localities.{{rp|31}}
• They believed the Constitution would abrogate, at least in part, the power of the states.{{rp|30}}
• They believed the federal government’s powers to tax provided by the Constitution could be used to exploit citizens and weaken the power of the states.{{rp|31}}

Influence of the Anti-Federalists on the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is a foundation of American democracy that outlines individual rights and liberties, curbing the government’s role in violating people’s rights. When analyzing the historical evolution of the document, the contributions attributed to the Anti-Federalists place them at the center stage of the formation and adoption of the Bill of Rights. As a response to the Anti-Federalists’s demands of the addition of the bill of rights to the constitution, which they believed could protect individuals from the states’ patricide and central government tyranny, the Federalists agreed to consider the amendments. The Federalist, James Madison, the primary architect of the constitution, wrote the ten amendments that became the Bill of Rights which fulfilled the promises made by the Federalists to Anti-Federalists after the anti-constitution activists protested.The Anti-Federalists drafted a bill of rights which is the first ten amendments written in the constitution. These amendments ensured the freedom of speech, religion, and assembly among others, and they as well protected citizens against the right to bear arms and escape from unreasonable search and seizures.WEB, The Debate Over a Bill of Rights,csac.history.wisc.edu/document-collections/constitutional-debates/bill-of-rights/, 2024-04-24, Center for the Study of the American Constitution, en-US, Their libertarian views and views on individual rights were embedded in the constitution and continue to drive American political thought.  The Anti-Federalists especially advocated for the states’ rights and believed in shared powers among the states and the national government. The tenth amendment of the US constitution saw them reserve the others’ powers to the people and states. Regarding the same, the Anti-Federalist believed tyranny could only be limited if power was shared.WEB, Would you have been a Federalist or an Anti-Federalist?,billofrightsinstitute.org/would-you-have-been-a-federalist-or-an-anti-federalist/, 2024-04-24, Bill of Rights Institute, en, That is, it separated the federal government’s powers over states’ rights in order to avoid the tyrannical nature of their past ruler.

History

During the American Revolution and its immediate aftermath, the term federal was applied to any person who supported the colonial union and the government formed under the Articles of Confederation. After the war, the group that felt the national government under the Articles was too weak appropriated the name Federalist for themselves. Historian Jackson Turner Main wrote, “to them, the man of ‘federal principles’ approved of ‘federal measures,’ which meant those that increased the weight and authority or extended the influence of the Confederation Congress.“BOOK, Main, Jackson Turner, 1961, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788,books.google.com/books?id=n0tf43-IUWcC&q=The+Anti+Federalists, The University of North Carolina Press, 0-8078-5544-8, As the Federalists moved to amend the Articles, eventually leading to the Constitutional Convention, they applied the term anti-federalist to their opposition. The term implied, correctly or not, both opposition to Congress and unpatriotic motives. The Anti-Federalists rejected the term, arguing that they were the true Federalists. In both their correspondence and their local groups, they tried to capture the term. For example, an unknown anti-federalist signed his public correspondence as “A Federal Farmer” and the New York committee opposing the Constitution was called the “Federal Republican Committee.” However the Federalists carried the day and the name Anti-Federalist forever stuck. The Anti-Federalists were composed of diverse elements, including those opposed to the Constitution because they thought that a stronger government threatened the sovereignty and prestige of the states, localities, or individuals; those that saw in the proposed government a new centralized, disguised “monarchic” power that would only replace the cast-off despotism of Great Britain;{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anti-Federalists|volume=2|page=124}} and those who simply feared that the new government threatened their personal liberties. Some of the opposition believed that the central government under the Articles of Confederation was sufficient. Still others believed that while the national government under the Articles was too weak, the national government under the Constitution would be too strong. Another complaint of the Anti-Federalists was that the Constitution provided for a centralized rather than federal government (and in The Federalist Papers, James Madison admitted that the new Constitution had the characteristics of both a centralized and federal form of government) and that a truly federal form of government was a leaguing of states as under the Articles of Confederation.During the period of debate over the ratification of the Constitution, numerous independent local speeches and articles were published all across the country. Initially, many of the articles in opposition were written under pseudonyms, such as “Brutus” (likely Melancton Smith),Zuckert and Webb. The Anti-Federalist Writings of the Melancton Smith Circle pp. 418–419 “Centinel” (likely Samuel Bryan), and “Federal Farmer.” Eventually, famous revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry came out publicly against the Constitution. They argued that the strong national government proposed by the Federalists was a threat to the rights of individuals and that the president would become a king. They objected to the federal court system created by the proposed constitution. Minority groups also contributed, such as Mercy Otis Warren who disguised herself as “A Colombian Patriot,” thought to be Elbridge Gerry.JOURNAL, Amar, Akhil, 1995-01-01, Women and the Constitution,openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/5407, Faculty Scholarship Series, en, Warren’s most notable pamphlet discussed the treatment of minorities and American natural rights; this pamphlet was titled “History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution”.WEB, Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814),www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/mercy-otis-warren-1728-1814/, 2022-03-08, George Washington’s Mount Vernon, en, This produced a body of political writing; the best and most influential of these articles and speeches were gathered by historians into a collection known as the Anti-Federalist Papers in allusion to the Federalist Papers. The authors of these works did not organize together as a group. Instead, they used the medium of print to spread their ideas individually.BOOK, Cornell, Saul, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828, The University of North Carolina Press, 1999, 0807847860, 22–24, In many states the opposition to the Constitution was strong (although Delaware, Georgia, and New Jersey ratified quickly with little controversy), and in two states—North Carolina and Rhode Island—it prevented ratification until the definite establishment of the new government practically forced their adherence. Individualism was the strongest element of opposition; the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt. In Rhode Island, resistance against the Constitution was so strong that civil war almost broke out on July 4, 1788, when anti-federalist members of the Country Party led by Judge William West marched into Providence with over 1,000 armed protesters.Columbian Centinel, July 5, 12, 16, 23, 1788; Pennsylvania Packet, July 30, 1788. (reference to West’s anti-Constitution 4th of July rally)The Anti-Federalists played upon these feelings in the ratification convention in Massachusetts. By this point, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease, but the Massachusetts convention was far more disputed and contentious. After a long debate, a compromise (known as the “Massachusetts compromise“) was reached. Massachusetts would ratify the Constitution with recommended provisions in the ratifying instrument that the Constitution be amended with a bill of rights. (The Federalists contended that a conditional ratification would be void, so the recommendation was the strongest support that the ratifying convention could give to a bill of rights short of rejecting the Constitution.)Four of the next five states to ratify, including New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York, included similar language in their ratification instruments. As a result, shortly after the Constitution became operative in 1789, Congress sent a set of twelve amendments to the states. Ten of these amendments were immediately ratified and became known as the Bill of Rights, with one of the other two becoming the 27th Amendment—almost 200 years later. Thus, while the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in their quest to prevent the adoption of the Constitution, their efforts were not totally in vain. The Anti-Federalists thus became recognized as an influential group among the Founding Fathers of the United States.With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–91 to oppose the policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton; this group soon became the Democratic-Republican Party.BOOK, Kenneth F.Warren, Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior,books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA176, 2008, SAGE Publications, 176, 9781412954891, When Jefferson took office as the third president in 1801, he replaced Federalist appointees with Democratic-Republicans and sought to focus on issues that allowed the states to make more of their own decisions in matters. He also repealed the whiskey excise and other federal taxes, shut down some federal offices and broadly sought to change the fiscal system that Hamilton had created.WEB,www.reference.com/history/were-examples-thomas-jefferson-s-anti-federalist-views-768faea071ccfdb5, What Were Some Examples of Thomas Jefferson’s Anti-Federalist Views?, Reference,web.archive.org/web/20190421140816/https://www.reference.com/history/were-examples-thomas-jefferson-s-anti-federalist-views-768faea071ccfdb5, 2019-04-21, dead,

Notable Anti-Federalists

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• Patrick Henry, VirginiaWEB,www.ushistory.org/us/16b.asp, 16b. Antifederalists, ushistory.org, 10 July 2013, dead,www.ushistory.org/us/16b.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20161008065110www.ushistory.org/us/16b.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20161008065110www.ushistory.org/us/16b.asp, 8 October 2016,
• Samuel Adams, MassachusettsWEB,www.thevoicenews.com/news/2002-07-05/front_page/5.html, Sam Adams – Father of the American Revolution, LeRoy, Marcel, The Voice news, 5 July 2002, 10 July 2013,www.thevoicenews.com/news/2002-07-05/front_page/5.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140427025314www.thevoicenews.com/news/2002-07-05/front_page/5.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140427025314www.thevoicenews.com/news/2002-07-05/front_page/5.html, 27 April 2014, dead,
• Joshua Atherton, New HampshireBOOK, Wakelyn, Jon L., Birth of the Bill of Rights: Biographies, 2004, Greenwood Publishing Group, 978-0-313-33194-7, 7,books.google.com/books?id=wpXzqmjp5IYC&q=joshua+atherton&pg=PA7, en, WEB,archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/joshuaathertontojohnlamb23june.pdf, Letter to John Lamb from Joshua Atherton. Part of the John Lamb papers,
• George Mason, Virginia
• Richard Henry Lee, VirginiaWEB,edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/anti-federalist-arguments-against-complete-consolidation, Lesson 1: Anti-federalist Arguments Against “A Complete Consolidation”, National Endowment for the Humanities, The National Endowment for the Humanities, 10 July 2013, NEWS, Willick, Jason, The Founders Who Opposed the Constitution: The Anti-Federalists gave us the Bill of Rights. Judge Andrew Oldham says they can also give us insight on the modern administrative state., Wall Street Journal, July 3, 2019,www.wsj.com/articles/the-founders-who-opposed-the-constitution-11562191708, In 1789, when Rep. Madison introduced the first 10 amendments in the First Congress, he was making a concession to the Anti-Federalists. Those writers and politicians—including Robert Yates, Mercy Otis Warren and Richard Henry Lee—opposed the original Constitution.,
• Robert Yates, New York
• James Monroe, VirginiaBOOK, “James Madison: A Biography”, Ralph, Ketcham, Ralph Ketcham, 1971, American Political Biography Press, 259,
• Amos Singletary, MassachusettsBOOK, This Momentous Affair: Massachusetts and the Ratification of the Constitution of the United States, Thomas H., O’Connor, Thomas H. O’Connor, Alan, Rogers, 1987, Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston,archive.org/details/thismomentousaff00thom, Internet Archive, 19, 9780890730799,

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• John Hancock, MassachusettsBOOK, “James Madison: A Biography”, Ralph, Ketcham, Ralph Ketcham, 1971, American Political Biography Press, 234,
• Mercy Otis Warren, MassachusettsJOURNAL,digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/986/, Women and the Constitution, Amar, Akhil Reed, Faculty Scholarship Series, Yale Law School, 1995, 10 July 2013,
• James Warren, MassachusettsWEB, The Anti-Federalist Papers,thefederalistpapers.org/anti-federalist-papers, The Federalist Papers, 22 February 2021,
• George Clinton, New YorkWEB,www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/July-2014/Best-Clinton-Ever-Why-New-Yorks-First-Governor-George-Clinton-Totally-Rocks/, Best Clinton Ever? Why New York’s First Governor, George Clinton, Totally Rocks, Levine, David, 25 June 2014, Hudson Valley, 8 May 2016,
• Melancton Smith, New York
• James Winthrop, Massachusetts
• Luther Martin, MarylandBOOK, Kauffman, Bill, “Forgotten Founder, Drunken Prophet: The Life of Luther Martin”, 2008, ISI Books, 9781933859736, 225,books.google.com/books?id=kBoaAQAAIAAJ,
• Samuel Bryan, PennsylvaniaJOURNAL, Siemers, David J., “It is Natural to Care for the Crazy Machine”: The Antifederalists’ Post-Ratification Acquiescence”, Studies in American Political Development, October 1, 1998, 12, 2, 383–410, 10.1017/S0898588X98001576, 145259078,www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/it-is-natural-to-care-for-the-crazy-machine-the-antifederalists-postratification-acquiescence/E1437314E9F044091C0061C453276735, 22 February 2021,

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See also

• Albany Antifederal Committee
• Anti-Federalist Papers
• The Complete Anti-Federalist
• Country Party (Rhode Island)
• New Federalism
• Subsidiarity

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Lim, Elvin, 2014, The Lovers’ Quarrel: The Two Foundings & American Political Development, Oxford University Press, 978-0-1998-1218-9,
• BOOK, Akhil Reed, Amar, Akhil Amar, 2005, America’s Constitution: A Biography, In the Beginning, Random House, New York City, New York, 1-4000-6262-4,archive.org/details/americasconstitu00amar_0,
• BOOK, Cornell, Saul, 1999, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788–1828, The University of North Carolina Press, 0-8078-4786-0,
• BOOK, Harding, S. B., 1896, Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in … Massachusetts, Harvard University Studies,
• BOOK, Libby, O.G., 1894, Geographical Distribution of the Vote … on the Federal Constitution, 1787–1788, University of Wisconsin,
• BOOK, Rutland, Robert Allen, 1966, The Ordeal of the Constitution: The Antifederalists and the Ratification Struggle of 1787-1788.,archive.org/details/ordealofconstitu0000rutl, registration, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,
• BOOK, Storing, Herbert J., 1981, What the Anti-Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of the Opponents of the Constitution, University of Chicago Press, 0-226-77574-7,archive.org/details/whatantifederali00stor,

External links

{{Commons category|Anti-Federalism}}

• WEB,press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/tocs/toc.html, Founders’ Constitution, University of Chicago, 1987,
• dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20060901180805dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html">A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825

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