Philosophy of Mathematics is an active branch of Philosophy addressing questions about the character of Mathematics, the conduct of mathematical inquiry, and the role of mathematical objects in describing empirical phenomena. As a form of philosophical inquiry, it examines the record of mathematical inquiry and poses...

Aesthetics (or Esthetics, or Philosophy of Art) is a branch of Philosophy dealing with the definition of Beauty and how we relate to what is Beautiful. The word aesthetics was first used by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, who helped to establish the study of...

Philosophy of Religion is the study of the meaning and justification of fundamental religious claims, particularly about the nature and existence of God (or gods, or the divine). Philosophy of religion was classically regarded as part of metaphysics, since Aristotle, in some of whose writings were...

Perception is one of our most important mental processes. If we could not perceive anything, then we would know nothing except the contents of our own minds. Because it is our window onto the world, it is important for us to know some basic facts about perception. For example, does our...

Philosophy of mind is the philosophical study of the nature of the mind, mental_events, mental functions, and consciousness. These areas give rise to some very difficult problems and questions; there are...

The philosophy of language doesn’t ask what particular words mean, or whether particular sentences are true. (Except of course for words and sentences about the language.) Rather, it asks what meaning in general is. What is the meanings of the word “meaning“? How do we to understand this concept? Maybe, on first glance, the...

Philosophy of History is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of “human history”. Furthermore, it is speculative on Teleological Ends to historical development. It is to ask if there is a Design, Purpose, Directive Principle, or Finality in the processes of human...

The philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy which deals with the study of science (in the sense of “natural science”). The philosophy of science is closely related to epistemology. It seeks to explain such things as the nature of scientific statements, the way in which they are produced,...

Epistemology is the branch of Philosophy dealing with the nature, origin and scope of Knowledge, and Method in obtaining Knowledge. Some consensus exists as to which epistemological methods give human beings the most accurate understanding of the truth (rather than...

For non-technical usage see Pragmatism (non-technical usage). For themes emphasized by Charles Sanders Peirce see Pragmaticism. Pragmatism, as a school of philosophy, is a collection of many different ways of thinking. Given the diversity among thinkers and the variety among schools of thought that have adopted this term over the years, the term pragmatism has become all...

Semiosis is any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning. The term was introduced by Charles_Sanders_Peirce (1839?1914) to describe a process that interprets signs as referring to their objects, as described in his theory of sign relations, or semiotics. Other theories...

Dynamism is term of philosophy and science coined by Gottfried Leibniz (1646—1716) and developed into a full system of cosmology. Dynamism describes that what exists are simple elements, or for Leibniz, monads, and groups of elements which have only the essence of forces. Interaction between elements takes place without contact, through modes or even...