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{{Short description|Forcing involuntary behavior in another}}{{hatgrp|{{Other uses}}{{Redirect|Duress}}}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Behavioural influences}}Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner by the use of threats, including threats to use force against that party.WEB,weblink Definition of coercion, Merriam-Webster, December 2023, the act, process, or power of coercing, BOOK, Schelling, Thomas C.,weblink Arms and Influence, 1966, Yale University Press, 10.2307/j.ctt5vm52s, j.ctt5vm52s, 978-0-300-00221-8, {{qn|date=March 2023}}BOOK, Pape, Robert A.,weblink Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War, 1996, Cornell University Press, 978-0-8014-3134-0, 1, 4, 10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v, 'Coercion' means efforts to change the behavior of a state by manipulating costs and benefits., It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the free will of an individual in order to induce a desired response. These actions may include extortion, blackmail, or even torture and sexual assault.Common-law systems codify the act of violating a law while under coercion as a duress crime.{{cn|date=March 2023}} Coercion used as leverage may force victims to act in a way contrary to their own interests. Coercion can involve not only the infliction of bodily harm, but also psychological abuse (the latter intended to enhance the perceived credibility of the threat). The threat of further harm may also lead to the acquiescence of the person being coerced.The concepts of coercion and persuasion are similar, but various factors distinguish the two. These include the intent, the willingness to cause harm, the result of the interaction, and the options available to the coerced party.JOURNAL, Powers, Penny, 2007-06-12, Persuasion and Coercion: A Critical Review of Philosophical and Empirical Approaches,weblink HEC Forum, en, 19, 2, 125–143, 10.1007/s10730-007-9035-4, 17694994, 32041658, 0956-2737, {{Rp|page=126}}John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, Ronald Dworkin, and other political authors argue that the state is coercive.JOURNAL, Morris, Christopher W., January 2012, State Coercion and Force,weblink Social Philosophy and Policy, en, 29, 1, 28–49, 10.1017/S0265052511000094, 143472087, 0265-0525, {{Rp|page=28}} In 1919, Max Weber (1864–1920), building on the view of Ihering (1818–1892),BOOK , defined a state as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".Quoted in:BOOK , WEB,weblink Politics as a Vocation, Weber, Max, Max Weber, 1919,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130319092642weblink">weblink 28 January 1919, 28 March 2023, 19 March 2013, In the past, the most varied institutions - beginning with the sib - have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory., Morris argues that the state can operate through incentives rather than coercion.{{Rp|page=42}} Healthcare systems may use informal coercion to make a patient adhere to a doctor's treatment plan. Under certain circumstances, medical staff may use physical coercion to treat a patient involuntarily.JOURNAL, Hotzy, Florian, Jaeger, Matthias, 2016, Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review,weblink Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 197, 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197, 28018248, 5149520, 1664-0640, free,

Overview

The purpose of coercion is to substitute one's aims for those of the victim. For this reason, many social philosophers have considered coercion as the polar opposite to freedom.BOOK, Bhatia, K. L.,weblink Textbook on Legal Language and Legal Writing, Universal Law Publishing, 2010, 978-81-7534-894-3, en, Various forms of coercion are distinguished: first on the basis of the kind of injury threatened, second according to its aims and scope, and finally according to its effects, from which its legal, social, and ethical implications mostly depend.

Physical

Physical coercion is the most commonly considered form of coercion, where the content of the conditional threat is the use of force against a victim, their relatives or property. An often used example is "putting a gun to someone's head" (at gunpoint) or putting a "knife under the throat" (at knifepoint or cut-throat) to compel action under the threat that non-compliance may result in the attacker harming or even killing the victim. These are so common that they are also used as metaphors for other forms of coercion.Armed forces in many countries use firing squads to maintain discipline and intimidate the masses, or opposition, into submission or silent compliance. However, there also are nonphysical forms of coercion, where the threatened injury does not immediately imply the use of force. Byman and Waxman (2000) define coercion as "the use of threatened force, including the limited use of actual force to back up the threat, to induce an adversary to behave differently than it otherwise would."Byman, Daniel L.; Waxman, Matthew C.: Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate, International Security, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 5–38. Coercion does not in many cases amount to destruction of property or life since compliance is the goal.

Pain compliance

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Psychological

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}In psychological coercion, the threatened injury regards the victim's relationships with other people. The most obvious example is blackmail, where the threat consists of the dissemination of damaging information. However, many other types are possible e.g. "emotional blackmail", which typically involves threats of rejection from or disapproval by a peer-group, or creating feelings of guilt/obligation via a display of anger or hurt by someone whom the victim loves or respects.

See also

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• Abusive power and control
• Acquiescence
• Coercive power
• Coercive diplomacy
• Deterrence (legal)
• Duress in American law
• Duress in English law
• Marital coercion
• Punishment (psychology)
• Undue influence

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Notes

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References

• WEB, Anderson, Scott A., n.d., Towards a Better Theory of Coercion, and a Use for It, The University of Chicago,weblink 12 October 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050308180431weblink">weblink 8 March 2005,
• Lifton, Robert J. (1961) Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|9781614276753}}

External links

{{Wiktionary|coercion|at gunpoint|at knifepoint}}

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• SEP, coercion, Coercion, Anderson, Scott, .
• Carter, Barry E. Economic Coercion, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (subscription required)

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