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{{BLP sources|date=September 2011}}{{Short description|Greek neuroscientist}}

factoids

| birth_place = Istanbul| death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | home_town =| other_names = | pronounce =| residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition University of Athens (BS, mathematics) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki>University of Thessaloniki (BS, biology) | Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (PhD, human neurobiology)}}| workplaces = Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics| thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 1985| doctoral_advisor = Ernst Pöppel| academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging>BOLD fMRI| influences = | influenced = Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine {{small>(2003)}}W. Alden Spencer Award {{small|(2008)}}| author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = | partner = | children = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = }}Nikos K. Logothetis (; born 5 November 1950 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Greek biologist and neuroscientist. Logothetis studies visual perception and object recognition; he is well-known for his work demonstrating that BOLD fMRI data is related to neuronal activity.JOURNAL, Neuroscientists take a BOLD step forward, Butcher, James, 2001-07-14, The Lancet, 358, 9276, 128, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05383-1, 54368004, Logothetis directed the department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen from 1996 to 2020. He will co-direct the International Center for Primate Brain Research in Shanghai beginning in late 2020 or early 2021.JOURNAL, Vogel, Gretchen, Animal rights conflict prompts leading researcher to leave Germany for China, 2020-01-27, Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science,weblink 10.1126/science.abb0626, 214253067, 2020-01-27,

Education and career

Logothetis received BS degrees in music and mathematics from the University of Athens, and biology from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He completed his doctoral work at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich with Ernst Pöppel and received a PhD in human neurobiology in 1985.WEB,weblink Prof. Dr. Nikos K. Logothetis, Max-Planck Gesellschaft, 2020-01-27, Logothetis then worked as a postdoctoral fellow and research scientist at the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences before joining the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine in 1990. Logothetis moved to direct the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in 1996.WEB,weblink Prof. Dr. Nikos Logothetis, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 2020-01-27, Logothetis has held adjunct professorships at multiple institutions, including the Salk Institute for Biological Studies since 1992 and Baylor College of Medicine since 1995.He is a member of the Editorial Board for Current Biology.WEB,weblink Cell Press: Current Biology, Logothetis is one of the 2003 winners of the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine.Louis-Jeantet Prize

Research

{{Expand section|date=January 2020}}According to Logothetis, in order to understand a system, a description of it is necessary at all levels. As a result, intracortical cell recording and also modeling and imaging is conducted at all levels in his department. Therefore, in addition to functional magnetic resonance imaging, 'in vivo' spectroscopy is also used, and the working group is researching smart contrast agents (SCA) in order to make functional imaging useful for effects other than haemodynamic response.Logothetis has made significant discoveries, such as finding out that the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response is connected to brain activity at a neuronal level. These findings are essential for correct interpretation of measurements with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Animal rights controversy

In 2014, a German television station aired footage recorded in Logothetis's lab by an undercover representative of the German Animal Welfare Federation documenting violence and harm to animals that might attain the legal definition of a regulation violation for primates. Logothetis announced in response that he would no longer work with non-human primates in 2015 due to lack of institutional support and protection for his research program. Police raids and investigations at this time did not find evidence of animal regulation violations.Formal charges were brought against Logothetis and two staff members in August 2017 for allegedly delaying euthanasia to sick animals. On 20 February 2018, the Tübingen district court issued all three scientists a "penalty order," consisting of a fine and a sentence that would be automatically transformed into a conviction, which Logothetis immediately appealed. Following the order's announcement, the Max Planck Society (MPS) removed Logothetis's animal research responsibilities and right to conduct animal experiments.Logothetis garnered significant support from members of the scientific community who criticized the MPS's decision to impose sanctions on Logothetis before a verdict had been reached regarding the alleged misconduct.JOURNAL, Max Planck scientists criticize handling of animal-rights charges against leading neuroscientist, 2018-05-30, Abbott, Alison, Nature, 588, 7708, 13–14, 29872188, 10.1038/d41586-018-05187-w, 2018Natur.558...13A, 46946752, free, The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) and Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) issued a joint statement in his support,WEB,weblink FENS and SfN statement in strong support of Prof. Logothetis, FENS (Federation of European Neuroscience Societies), 2018-08-03, 2020-01-27, followed by the International Brain Research Organization.WEB,weblink IBRO Statement in Support of Professor Nikos K. Logothetis, 2018-08-10, Pierre Magistretti, Keiji Tanaka, Hans-Joachim Pflüger, Pierre Luabeya, Bong-Kiun Kaang, Robert Gabriel, Cecilia Bouzat, Samuel David, 2020-01-27, The specific charges Logothetis appealed were dismissed on 19 December 2018.JOURNAL, German court dismisses animal-welfare case against leading neuroscientist, 2018-05-30, Abbott, Aligermson, Nature, 10.1038/d41586-018-07868-y, 150323898,weblink 2020-01-27, Subsequently, the MPS restored Logothetis's duties at the Institute for Biological Cybernetics.JOURNAL, Abbott, Alison, Max Planck Society returns duties to leading neuroscientist after animal-welfare row, Nature, 2019-01-08, 10.1088/1361-648X/aad6f1, 30061475, 1805.10220,weblink 2020-01-27, 30, 36, 364001, 51867379, Influenced by continued skepticism and lack of support for animal research in Germany, Logothetis announced in 2020 that he would move his department to the International Center for Primate Brain Research in Shanghai and co-direct the center with Chinese neuroscientist Mu-ming Poo by late 2020 or early 2021.

Publications

• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., Guggenberger, Heinz, Peled, Sharon, Pauls, Jon, Functional imaging of the monkey brain, Nature Neuroscience, 2, 6, 1999, 555–562, 10.1038/9210, 10448221, 21627829,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., Sheinberg, D. L., Visual object recognition, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 19, 1996, 577–621, 10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.003045, 8833455, 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-EBB0-3, 14848254, free,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., Blake, Randolph, Visual competition, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 1, 2001, 1–11, 10.1038/nrn701, 11823801, 8410171,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., Nikos Logothetis, Pauls, Jon, Auguth, M., Trinath, T., Oeltermann, A., A neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the BOLD signal in fMRI, Nature (journal), Nature, 412, July 2001, 6843, 150–157, 10.1038/35084005, 11449264, 2001Natur.412..150L, 969175,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., The neural basis of the blood–oxygen–level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 357, 1424, 2002, 1003–1037, 10.1098/rstb.2002.1114, 12217171, 1693017,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal, Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 10, 2003, 3963–3971, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-03963.2003, 12764080, 6741096,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., Pfeuffer, Josef, On the nature of the BOLD fMRI contrast mechanism, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 22, 10, 2004, 1517–1531, 10.1016/j.mri.2004.10.018, 15707801,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., Wandell, Brian A., Interpreting the BOLD signal, Annual Review of Physiology, 66, 2004, 735–769, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.082602.092845, 14977420,
• JOURNAL, Logothetis, N. K., What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI, Nature (journal), Nature, 453, 7197, 2008, 869–878, 10.1038/nature06976, 18548064, 2008Natur.453..869L, 4403097,

References

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