Naturalism


{{Wiktionary|naturalism}}Naturalism (as distinct from Naturalist, Nature and Natural) refer to various topics within philosophy and science, environmental movements, and other areas.In the arts, naturalism may refer to:

• Naturalism (arts), a style in painting and the visual arts
• Naturalism (literature), a literary style
• Naturalism (theatre), a movement in theatre and drama that began in the 19th century

In philosophy and science, naturalism may refer to:

• Naturalism (philosophy) is any of several philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural, are either false or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses.
  • Methodological naturalism can mean simply that science is to be done without reference to supernatural causes. It can also be a methodological assumption in the philosophy of religion that observable events are fully explainable by natural causes without reference to the supernatural. Finally, it can mean that philosophy has the same basic aims and methods as natural science.
  • Metaphysical naturalism means that the cosmos consists only of objects studied by the natural sciences, and does not include any immaterial or intentional realities.
• Ethical naturalism, the theory that ethical terms can be defined in non-ethical terms, namely, descriptive terms mainly from the natural sciences.
• Humanistic naturalism emphasises scientific reasoning as a basis for humane behavior.

• Sociological naturalism is the view that the natural world and the social world are roughly identical and governed by similar principles.
• Political naturalism is a politic and legal system based on the belief in the existence of a fair natural law.
• Naturalistic observation is an empirical method of study by which the researcher introduces no outside stimulus, instead witnessing behavior as it naturally occurs in the environment.
• Natural history, especially in older texts.

Within environmental movements, naturalism can refer to:

• Conservation ethic in relation to preserving "natural ecosystems":
  • Conservationist, proponent or advocate of conservation
  • Conservation movement, movement seeking to protect plant and animal species as well as the habitats they live in
  • Conservation ecology, any part of ecology that has a bearing on conservation
  • Conservation biology, the protection and management of biodiversity
• Environmental education
• Environmental preservation
• Sustainable living
• Naturalizm, The view that god is alive and well and has always been here in the form of all natural forces in the universe.

See also

• Naturism, the practice of "social nudity"

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