Evolutionary computation
In
computer science evolutionary computation is a subfield of
artificial intelligence (more particularly
computational intelligence) that involves
combinatorial optimization problems. Evolutionary computation uses iterative progress, such as growth or development in a
population. This population is then
selected in a guided
random search using
parallel processing to achieve the desired end. Such processes are often inspired by biological mechanisms of
evolution.
History
In the
fifties, the idea to use
Darwinian principles for automated problem solving originated. It was not until the
sixties that three distinct interpretations of this idea started to be developed in three different places.
Evolutionary programming was introduced by
Lawrence J. Fogel in the
USA, while
John Henry Holland called his method a
genetic algorithm. In
Germany Ingo Rechenberg and
Hans-Paul Schwefel introduced
evolution strategies. These areas developed separately for about 15 years. From the early
nineties on they are unified as different representatives (“dialects”) of one technology, called evolutionary computing. Also in the early nineties, a fourth stream following the general ideas had emerged –
genetic programming.These terminologies denote the field of evolutionary computing and consider evolutionary programming, evolution strategies, genetic algorithms, and genetic programming as sub-areas.
Techniques
Evolutionary techniques mostly involve
metaheuristic optimization algorithms such as:
and in a lesser extent also:
Evolutionary algorithms
Evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation in that they generally only involve techniques implementing mechanisms inspired by
biological evolution such as
reproduction,
mutation,
recombination,
natural selection and
survival of the fittest.
Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the
cost function determines the environment within which the solutions "live" (see also
fitness function).
Evolution of the population then takes place after the repeated application of the above operators.In this process, there are two main forces that form the basis of evolutionary systems:
Recombination and
mutation create the necessary diversity and thereby facilitate novelty, while
selection acts as a force increasing quality.Many aspects of such an evolutionary process are
stochastic. Changed pieces of information due to recombination and mutation are randomly chosen. On the other hand, selection operators can be either deterministic, or stochastic. In the latter case, individuals with a higher fitness have a higher chance to be selected than individuals with a lower fitness, but typically even the weak individuals have a chance to become a parent or to survive.
Evolutionary computation practitioners
Major conferences and workshops
Journals
See also
Bibliography
{{nofootnotes}}
- K.A. De Jong, Evolutionary computation: a unified approach. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 2006
- A.E. Eiben and J.E. Smith, Introduction to Evolutionary Computing, Springer, 2003, ISBN 3-540-40184-9
- A.E. Eiben and M. Schoenauer, Evolutionary computing, Information Processing Letters, 82(1): 1-6, 2002.
- W. Banzhaf, P. Nordin, R.E. Keller, and F.D. Francone. Genetic Programming — An Introduction. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.
- D. B. Fogel. Evolutionary Computation. Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1995.
- H.-P. Schwefel. Numerical Optimization of Computer Models. John Wiley & Sons, New-York, 1981. 1995 – 2nd edition.
- Th. Bäck and H.-P. Schwefel. An overview of evolutionary algorithms for parameter optimization. Evolutionary Computation, 1(1):1–23, 1993.
- J. R. Koza. Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by means of Natural Evolution. MIT Press, Massachusetts, 1992.
- D. E. Goldberg. Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison Wesley, 1989.
- J. H. Holland. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.
- I. Rechenberg. Evolutionstrategie: Optimierung Technisher Systeme nach Prinzipien des Biologischen Evolution. Fromman-Hozlboog Verlag, Stuttgart, 1973.
- L. J. Fogel, A. J. Owens, and M. J. Walsh. Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution. New York: John Wiley, 1966.
References
External links
Computació evolutivaEvolutionärer AlgorithmusComputación evolutivaمحاسبات تکاملیAlgorithme évolutionniste진화 연산進化的計算Obliczenia ewolucyjneComputação evolucionária
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